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Evolution Test
Evolution theories, adaptation, Survival of the fittest
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the earliest scientific theory on the origins of life? | Spontaneous Generation (life magically appears!) - FALSE Ex: Maggots arise from decaying meat Ex: Falling rain drops produce tadpoles |
| What was Francesco Redi's experiment? | Question: Do flies come from meat (non-living) or other flies (living)? Experiment: Put raw meat in three jars that each had different coverings and maggots appeared only in open jar Conclusion: Meat cannot transform into flies. Flies reproduce. |
| What is the Louis Pasteur Experiment, 1864 | Experiment: Took two flasks and boiled nutrient broth in each to sterilize it, Broke the glass neck of one, left it on the other, as dust particles carrying bacteria settle, the go straight into open flask, but get trapped by the curve in swan neck |
| What did the Louis Pasteur Experiment of 1864 test and what was the conclusion? | Question:Can bacteria form spontaneously? Conclusion: No growth in swan neck flask/ No |
| Define Biogenesis | Living things come only from other living things |
| How long ago was the earth formed? | 4.6 billion years ago? |
| What were the condition of earth in the beginning? | Earth was so hot -all water was in the form of water vapor and the atmosphere contained water vapor, ammonia, methane and hydrogen, but no oxygen |
| How were organic compounds formed? | A spark of lightning provided energy to rip apart inorganic gases, rearrange atoms and form new chemical bonds to create organic compounds (Ex: amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides) |
| What happened as earth cooled? | water vapor condensed (rain) filling oceans |
| What was the Primordial soup? | early ocean rich with organic compounds |
| What was the Miller-Urey experiment? | It recreated the conditions of early earth using Methane, hydrogen, water vapor, ammonia, Lightning - electricity, and no oxygen. Conclusion: After 1 weeks they found amino acids |
| What are the steps of life? (There are 7) | 1: Small organic molecules appear 2: Protocells evolve (primitive cell membrane) 3: Prokaryotes (first organisms) evolve 4: Photosynthetic prokaryotes evolve 5: Aerobic prokaryotes evolve 6: Eukaryotes evolve 7: Multicellular organisms evolve |
| What are protocells (primitive cell membrane)? | Phospholipid membrane with embedded proteins and Organic molecules inside |
| When did prokaryotes evolve? | 3.5 billion years ago |
| Where did heterotrophs get energy? | got energy from organic molecules |
| What were 2 traits of early prokaryotes? | The were heterotrophs and anaerobic |
| Where do autotrophs get their energy? | The sun |
| What did autotrophs do for early earth? | Produced oxygen for early earth |
| What did aerobic prokaryotes use? | Use Oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration |
| What began to appear in Aerobic prokaryotes? | More ATP to start getting bigger and supporting more processes |
| What is the Endosymbiont Theory? | 1. Smaller prokaryotes were engulfed by larger cells and began to live together 2. Eventually the prokaryotes evolved into organelles: chloroplast and mitochondria |
| What is the evidence of the Endosymbiont Theory | Chloroplast and mitochondria have circular DNA and divide on their own |
| How long ago did multicellular organisms evolve? | 600 million years ago |
| What is the order of evolution? | .6 billion years ago – Earth formed 3.8 billion years ago – oceans formed 3.5 billion years ago – first organisms 2.2 billion years ago – oxygen-producers 2 billion years ago – eukaryotic organisms 600 million years ago – multi-cellular organisms |
| What is relative dating? | Relative order of past events without determining their absolute age |
| What is the Law of Superposition? | Older fossils/rocks are in bottom layers and Younger fossils/rocks are in top layers |
| What is absolute dating? | Radioactive Decay of elements give us an age of fossils/rocks |
| What does the scientific community think about evolution? | It is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly confirmed over time by many different scientists. Lots of evidence to support it! Accepted as true by the scientific community. Can only be supported - not proven. |
| Definition of evolution: | change in the heritable characteristics of a species over time |
| What is a species? | A Species is a group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring |
| What is the rule about DNA in the theory of evolution? | The trait has to be heritable (in DNA) to get passed on to offspring from generation to generation |
| What is Descent with Modification | The process by which modern organisms are thought to have descended from ancient ones |
| How Can A Species Evolve? | Changing environments and adaptations |
| Definition of adaptation | Specific structure, behavior or internal process that enables better survival in an environment. |
| What are the 6 evidences of evolution? | 1. Fossils 2. Homologous structures 3. Vestigial structures 4. Embryology 5. Genetic similarities (DNA, Protein) 6. Direct Observation (antibiotic/pesticide resistance) |
| What is a fossil? | Preserved remains of organisms that died long ago. Though incomplete, provides info about what species existed at particular times in Earth’s history |
| What object are easily fossilized? | Skeletons, teeth, shells |
| What objects are hard to fossilize? | Soft-bodied organisms (ex: worms) |
| What are the 4 sources of fossilization? | 1. Ice 2. Amber/Sap 3. Tar pits 4. Sedimentary Rock – sediments fall on living material and turn it into rock |
| What are Transitional Fossils? | Show slow transitions between ancient and modern organisms as a way of tracking how they changed over time |
| What are Homologous structures? | Structures that are similar because they were present in a common ancestor. May or may not have the same function. |
| Vestigial Structures | Structures that remain in organisms but have no obvious function. Was useful in an ancestor, but no longer serves any purpose. |
| What are some examples of vestigial structures? | 1. Naked mole rats have eyes even though they are practically blind 2. Humans have muscles to allow us to move our ears, but they don't work anymore 3. Pelvic bone in wales even though they dont walk on land 4. Leg bones in snakes |
| What are some human vestigial structures? | 1. Wisdom teeth for extra grinding ability 2. Appendix to store good bacteria to fight infection 3. Body hair for keeping warm and trapping oils 4. Little toe for balance and clinging on rocks and climbing trees 5. Tail bone for balance |
| What is embryology? | Similarities during early development suggest a common ancestor. Early embryos of all vertebrates develop tails and gill like structures |
| What are genetic similarities? | Compare DNA and protein sequences to identify which species are closely related. The more similar the DNA/protein, the more related the organisms are. |
| What are similarities in proteins? | he more similar the amino acid sequence in proteins, the more closely related they are (because DNA codes for proteins through transcription and translation!) |
| What is direct observation? | We can see small-scale evolution taking place around us in organisms that reproduce quickly and often |
| What happens with Resistance to Antibiotics or Pesticides? | When treated with antibiotics, some bacteria will survive. When treated with pesticides, some insects will survive. |
| Why can insects have pesticide resistance? | Insects have variation due to sexual reproduction and mutations. Some insects will be naturally resistant to pesticide due to new mutations/changes that arise in their DNA ***They do NOT automatically develop resistance when a pesticide is added*** |
| What is MRSA? | methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is skin infections. It is Red, swollen, painful to touch, pus/drainage. It's bacteria is antibiotic resistant. |
| What is MDR-TB? | multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is an illness that has a bad cough, Cough up blood/mucus, and chest pain. It's bacteria is antibiotic resistant. |
| What is the lactose gene? | 8000 years ago, all human adults were lactose-intolerant (couldn’t digest dairy products). A gene mutation occurred which allowed digestion of lactose (milk sugar) in adults. This allowed people with that gene to get more nutrients, and to have more kids! |
| What was Lamarck’s Evolution Hypothesis? | Organisms have an inborn urge to better themselves (INCORRECT) |
| What was the Theory of Use and Disuse (1815)? | If you don’t use it, you lose it (INCORRECT) |
| What was the Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics? | Traits that you acquire during your lifetime can be passed to offspring and lead to change in the species over time (INCORRECT) Ex: giraffe stretching neck |
| Who was Charles Darwin? | A Naturalist who studied plants and animals. In 1831 sailed on The HMS Beagle to the Galapagos Islands- off the coast of South America. |
| What did Darwin Notice in the Galapagos islands? | 1. Lots of diversity! (Finches, cactuses, tortoises, marine iguanas, sea lions, etc.) 2. Noticed differences and similarities in species of plants and animals on different nearby islands (Seemed very well-suited to whatever environment they inhabited) |
| What was Darwin's theory? | the differences he saw were adaptations - an inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival |
Created by:
suiter.mayhew
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