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Psyc Exam 3 F
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In operant conditioning we learn through | consequences |
| In classical conditioning we learn through | immediate association |
| What was Pavlov’s experiment? | Pavlov studied how dogs salivate in response to food. He paired a neutral stimulus (a tone) with food until the tone alone caused salivation. |
| How does a neutral stimulus (NS) become a conditioned stimulus (CS)? | A neutral stimulus (NS) is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) (food). Over time, the NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS), triggering a conditioned response (CR) (salivation). |
| What did Pavlov’s experiment demonstrate? | It showed classical conditioning, where an organism learns to associate two stimuli, leading to an automatic response. |
| What are the four reinforcement schedules in operant conditioning? | Fixed-ratio (FR) Variable-ratio (VR) Fixed-interval (FI) Variable-interval (VI) |
| What is a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule? | Reinforcement is given after a set number of responses. Example: A worker gets paid after making 10 products. |
| What is a variable-ratio (VR) schedule? | Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses. Example: Slot machines in casinos. |
| What is a fixed-interval (FI) schedule? | Reinforcement is given after a set amount of time has passed. Example: A paycheck every two weeks. |
| What is a variable-interval (VI) schedule? | Reinforcement occurs at unpredictable time intervals. Example: Checking for a text message response. |
| Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n) | stimulus |
| Negative reinforcement________ the rate of operant responding, and punishment________ the rate of operant responding. | increase;decrease |
| When Jake hears his girlfriend’s special ringtone, he feels happy and content. Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus? A. Jake's girlfriend B. feeling in love, happy, and content C. Jake's phone D. the ringtone | ringtone |
| preschool children pounded and kicked a large, inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. observational learning. D. vicarious punishment. | observational learning |
| What are the major steps of the Atkinson & Shiffrin model? | -Sensory memory – Brief storage of sensory information. -Short-term memory (STM) – Holds information for a short period, limited capacity. -Long-term memory (LTM) – Long-term storage of information, with virtually unlimited capacity. |
| What is Implicit memory | Unconscious memory that influences behavior without intentional recall (e.g., skills, habits). |
| Where are explicit memories processed in the brain? | Processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes. |
| Proactive interference – | – Older memories interfere with the recall of newer information. |
| Retroactive interference – | Newer memories interfere with the recall of older information. |
| What is the newer understanding of short-term memory that involves active processing of incoming and retrieved information? | working memory |
| Why can't Lara remember events from her life before her third birthday? | hippocampus (Not fully developed at that age, which is involved in storing explicit memories). |
| What type of memory is episodic memory? | explicit; personally experienced events |
| What does Adam’s brain injury illustrate when he cannot form new memories but can recall past experiences? | anterograde amnesia |
| What is explicit memory | Conscious, intentional recollection of information (e.g., facts, events). |
| What are implicit memories processed in the brain? | Processed in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. |
| What is the term for learning by observing others? | Observational learning |
| What is the terms for when conditioned responses reappear after a period of rest without further conditioning? | Spontaenous recovery |
| What is a primary reinforcer? | a reinforcer that satifies a biological need, such as food or water. |
| What are the 3 processes involved in the information-processing model of memory? | encoding, storage, and retrieval |
| Which of the processing involves encoding based on the meaning of words? | deep processing |
| What is source amnesia? | Inability to remember where, when or how information was learned |
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vanessahdz
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