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Fos 2 unit 2 S1
Dynamic Earth flash cards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Formation of the stars, and our sun | 1. A slow-rotating nebula (cloud of gas) condenses- from a disturbance from an exploding supernova?? 2. the nebula begins to spins faster and faster as it flattens into a disk. 3. as the center spins fast it gets hotter and denser a protostar is born |
| Formation of Earth | 4.When the protostar gets hot enough, it releases an energy blast, blowing extra dust outward 5. This dust turns into planetesimals, which clump together and form planets-near the center of the cloud only rocks can stand the heat, so gassy planets go out |
| Nebula | A cloud of dust and gas floating in space. Mostly made of hydrogen and helium. |
| Accretion | Dust and cloud pulling together---"The formation of an object due to gravity pulling in surrounding materials." |
| Planetesimals | "Small, rocky bodies that exist in early solar system formation. Combines with other planetesimals through accretion and collision to form a planet." |
| Angular Momentum | A measure of the rotational momentum of an object (body) that is spinning. |
| Inner Earth Structure- Crust | 2 kinds, continental and oceanic. Thin, rigid layer or rocks (30 km thick). Earth's surface |
| Inner Earth Structure-Mantle | Thickest layer (30km-3,000km deep). Made of iron, silicon, magnesium. Behaves like a semi-solid (2 chunks of mantle, one liquid one solid) |
| Inner Earth Structure-Outer Core | 3,000-5,000km deep. Liquid. Made of iron and nickel |
| Inner Earth Structure-Inner Core | 5,000km deep- center of Earth. Solid. Made ofmainly iron and nickel |
| Lithosphere | Crust and uppermost part of mantle. Litho=rock. Makes up tectonic plates, floats on Asthenosphere |
| Asthenosphere | Makes up the rest of the mantle. Semi-solid portion of mantle. Let's the lithosphere slide around |
| How we use earthquake days to determine Earth's inner structure- S waves | (verticle-energy goes up/perpendicular)A seismic and body wave. Moves slower between S and P. Moves through solids only |
| How we use earthquake days to determine Earth's inner structure- P waves | Primary/Push. Travels faster and through solids, liquids, and gasses. All the energy goes in the same direction- thought the core |
| How we use earthquake days to determine Earth's inner structure-Focus | The point at which the first movement occurs during a earthquake. *UNDERGROUND*, hypocenter. |
| How we use earthquake days to determine Earth's inner structure-Epicenter | Point on Earth's SURFACE directly above the focus |
| Theory of continental drift-Alfred Wegener-what was he correct/incorrect about | He was a meteorologist/explorer. In 1812 proposed the idea that continents have moved over time. Correct about the fact that they moved, didn't know how/the science behind it. Theory says continents lay on lithospheric plates powered by Earth's core heat |
| Theory of Plate Tectonics: Evidence- Locations of earthquakes and volcanos | Earthquakes and volcanoes occur in belts along plate boundaries. Strongest earthquake ever was 9.5. Most explosive volcano was 7on the index |
| Theory of Plate Tectonics: Evidence-Fossil evidence | There have been similar rock and animal fossils found on different continents |
| Theory of Plate Tectonics: Evidence-Geologic similarities between land masses | The shapes on continents fit together--- like puzzle pieces |
| Theory of Plate Tectonics: Evidence- Climatic Evidence | Change in Climate zones- Michigan used to be at the equator and has coral remnants (Petoskey stones) |
| Types of Plate Boundaries (plates involved and geologic events that occur): Divergent Boundaries | When two plates are pulling away from each other at the boundary |
| Types of Plate Boundaries (plates involved and geologic events that occur): Divergent Boundaries-Rift Valleys and others | When oceanic crusts diverge, it's seafloor spreading. From the crack in the seafloor, magma comes out *new crust!*, creating a mid-ocean ridge. A rift happens from two continental plates spreading. Makes volcanoes and new continents (rivers flood the gap) |
| Types of Plate Boundaries (plates involved and geologic events that occur): Convergent Boundaries | When two plates are moving toward each other, colliding. Any combination of the types can produce trenches, volcanoes, island arcs, or mountains |
| Types of Plate Boundaries (plates involved and geologic events that occur): Convergent Boundaries-Subduction Zones | When an oceanic plate collides with a continental. The thinner, less dense oceanic plate slides underneath, creating a deep trench. Pressure and gas builds up and forms volcanoes. 2 oceanic collisions make volcanic island arcs(Mariana island) |
| Types of Plate Boundaries (plates involved and geologic events that occur): Convergent Boundaries- Collision Boundary | Occurs when two continental plates collide, creating a mountain (Himalayas) |
| Types of Plate Boundaries (plates involved and geologic events that occur): Transform Boundaries | When two plates slide past each other at the boundary. Jagged rocks get caught and pressure builds up. When it finally breaks away it makes a big earthquake. Also can make a strike-slip fault (San Andreas Fault) |
| Causes of Plate Movement (Prove Wegener's Theory)-Mantle Convections | Mantle moves plates due to convection currents. Heat from radioactive decay inside the core creates hot magma that is less dense than cool rock, so it rises while rocks sink. (not enough energy to account for all movement) |
| Causes of Plate Movement (Prove Wegener's Theory)-Ridge Push | DIVERGENT BOUNDARY- Hot, molten lava rises and heats rocks around it. Creates a ridge where magma comes out of the Earth. As magma cools into rock, it becomes heavier and falls down the ridge |
| Causes of Plate Movement (Prove Wegener's Theory)-Slab Pull | CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES- One plate is heavier and thicker at a subduction boundary. The older, heavy plate sinks into the mantle and takes the rest with it |
| Cratons | The stable core of each continent. Formed 2.5 bya (after the Earth cooled). Little tectonic activity in the craton. |
| Sources of Continental Growth Material- Deep sea sediments | Sediments from the sea can be added to plates at a subduction zone. Mostly happens when an oceanic plate subducts under a continental |
| Sources of Continental Growth Material- Igneous Rock | Volcanoes eject lava, ask, and rocky materials that cool and form igneous rocks. |
| Sources of Continental Growth Material- River Sediments | Rivers carry and deposit sediments across continents (river deltas) |
| Sources of Continental Growth Material- Terranes | A large block of lithosphere plate that has been moved and attached to the edge of a continent (India?). Identified when the geology of a terrain doesn't match neighboring land. |
| Hot Spots: Why do we find volcanoes in areas that aren't on plate boundaries? | Because they are on top of a hot spot. Or once were and have now drifted slightly and are no longer active |
| Hot Spots: Explain the formation of the Hawaiian Island chain | Hawaii is made of 80 volcanic islands. The theory for hotspots was proposed in 1963 by J. Tuzo Wilson. This was widely accepted because it checked out with previous data on volcanic island chains |
| What are hot spots | Hotspots are deep and fixed parts of the mantle that are hotter than surrounding areas. Heat melts the region of the crust above, producing small blobs of molten rock/magma. It floats through thin parts of the crust and erupts as volcanoes on ocean floor |
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