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DNA Unit (Hon Bio)
DNA, RNA, Replication, Transcription, Translation & Mutations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| nucleotide | monomer unit of nucleic acids |
| nitrogenous bases | adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
| type of bond between nitrogenous bases from 2 DNA strands | hydrogen bonds |
| where DNA is located in eukaryotes | nucleus |
| components of a nucleotide | phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base |
| enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA base pairs; works at the replication fork | DNA helicase |
| enzyme that adds complementary nucleotides to a new strand of DNA, in 5' --> 3' direction, using the 3' --> 5' template strand | DNA polymerase |
| 5-carbon sugar in RNA nucleotides | ribose |
| 5-carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides | deoxyribose |
| in RNA, nitrogenous base that bonds with adenine | uracil |
| in DNA, nitrogenous base that bonds with adenine | thymine |
| transcription | process of making an mRNA copy of a DNA gene |
| codon | three nucleotides on the mRNA that code for an amino acid |
| semiconservative replication | each new double stranded DNA contains one original strand and one new strand |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| shape of double stranded DNA | double helix |
| anticodon | three nucleotides on the tRNA that bind with mRNA codons |
| organelle where translation takes place | ribosome |
| gene | specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein or a functional RNA molecule |
| RNA polymerase | adds complementary RNA nucleotides to a strand of mRNA |
| mRNA | messenger RNA |
| tRNA | transfer RNA |
| nondisjunction | chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase |
| point mutation | substitution of one base for another |
| gene | a specific sequence of DNA that codes for a protein |
| mutation | permanent change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA |
| frameshift mutation | a base is added or deleted, changing the sequence of amino acids |
| silent mutation | a base substitution; no change in the amino acid |
| missense mutation | a base substitution; change in the amino acid |
| nonsense mutation | a base substitution resulting in a STOP codon |
| makes up the ribosome | rRNA (ribosomal RNA) |
| replication | the process by which a new DNA is copied from a template DNA strand |
| complementary base pair | nitrogenous bases that bond together with hydrogen bonds |
| chromatin | loose strands of DNA in the nucleus; "spaghetti noodles" |
| chromosome | packages of DNA and protein; DNA is in this state during cell division only |
| translation | the process of converting an mRNA sequence to a sequence of amino acids |
| protein synthesis | the process of creating a protein, which involves both transcription and translation |
| substitution mutation | replacement of one nitrogen base with another; also known as a point mutation |
| inversion | the reversal of a segment of a chromosome |
| translocation | the exchange of genetic material between two chromosomes containing different genes |
| antiparallel | parallel but in 180 degrees opposite alignment |
| type of bond between a nucleotide's phosphate group and another's deoxyribose | covalent |
| origin of replication | short section of DNA with a specific sequence of nucleotides indicating a replication origination site |
| replication bubble | a separation between two strands of double-stranded DNA where replication is occurring |
| replication fork | a Y-shaped region at the ends of replication bubbles where new DNA strands are elongating |
| single-stranded binding proteins | bind to single-stranded DNA at replication forks to stabilize the replication fork |
| Primase | enzyme that adds an RNA primer to DNA |
| RNA primer | short RNA sequence, about 10 nucleotides, complementary to the DNA and serves as a starting point for DNA polymerase |
| leading strand | replicated DNA that is continuously synthesized in the 5' --> 3' direction using the 3' --> 5' template DNA strand |
| lagging strand | replicated DNA that is synthesized in sections in the 5' --> 3' direction using the 5' --> 3' DNA strand |
| Okazaki fragment | short fragment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication |
| DNA ligase | forms a covalent bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the deoxyribose of another nucleotide |
| purine | a single-ring nitrogenous base; adenine, guanine |
| pyrimidine | a double-ring nitrogenous base; cytosine, uracil, thymine |
| template or non-coding DNA strand | the 3' --> 5' DNA strand |
Created by:
onceamustang
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