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cell bio exam 2
cell biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the primary functions of the plasma membrane? | Compartmentalization, scaffold for biochemical reactions, selectively permeable barrier, transport solutes, respond to signals, intercellular interactions, energy transduction |
| What are the major lipid components of the plasma membrane? | Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, cholesterol |
| How do membrane carbohydrates contribute to cell function? | They play a role in cell recognition, signaling, and interaction (e.g., blood type antigens). |
| What are the three major types of membrane proteins, and how do they differ? | Integral proteins (span the membrane), peripheral proteins (associated with membrane surface), lipid-anchored proteins (attached via lipid molecules). |
| How are membrane proteins stabilized within the membrane? | Hydrophobic interactions, structural domains, and anchoring. |
| What factors influence membrane fluidity? | Lipid composition, temperature, cholesterol content. |
| What is the significance of lipid rafts in the plasma membrane? | Lipid rafts cluster specific proteins and lipids for signaling and membrane trafficking |
| How do phospholipids move within the membrane? | Lateral diffusion, rotation, flip-flop |
| What mechanisms allow lateral movement of materials in the membrane? | Fluidity of the membrane, protein interactions |
| How do peripheral protein layers affect the movement of materials in the plasma membrane? | They form a structural network that regulates diffusion and signaling |
| What are the four basic mechanisms by which solute molecules move across membranes? | Diffusion, passive transport through channels, facilitated transport, active transport. |
| How do voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels operate? | Voltage-gated channels open/close based on membrane potential; ligand-gated channels open/close in response to molecule binding. |
| How does facilitated diffusion work? | Carrier proteins assist molecules across the membrane without using energy. |
| How does the Na+/K+ pump function? | Actively transports Na+ out and K+ into the cell using ATP. |
| What is membrane potential, and how is it maintained? | Electrical charge difference across the membrane, maintained by ion gradients and pumps |
| Describe the process of an action potential | Depolarization (Na+ influx), repolarization (K+ efflux), return to resting state. |
| How does the propagation of an action potential occur? | Sequential opening/closing of ion channels along the axon. |
| What is the role of the neuromuscular junction and synapses in nerve function? | Neurotransmitters released from neurons stimulate muscle contraction or further neural signaling. |
| What are the key structural components of mitochondria? | Outer membrane, inner membrane (cristae), intermembrane space, matrix. |
| Why do mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes? | Due to their evolutionary origin from bacteria (endosymbiotic theory). |
| What happens to glucose during glycolysis? | It is broken down into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH. |
| What is the role of pyruvate in cellular respiration? | Converted into Acetyl-CoA, entering the Krebs Cycle |
| Where does the Krebs Cycle take place, and what are its main products? | In the mitochondrial matrix; produces CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP. |
| How do lipids and proteins contribute to the TCA Cycle? | Fatty acids and amino acids can be converted into intermediates that enter the cycle. |
| How is a proton gradient established in the mitochondria? | Electron transport chain pumps H+ ions into the intermembrane space. |
| Describe the structure and function of ATP Synthase. | A multi-subunit enzyme that converts ADP + P into ATP using proton flow. |
| What is the overall summary of aerobic respiration? | Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport Chain → ATP production |
| What are the major structural components of chloroplasts, and what are their functions? | Outer/inner membranes, thylakoids, grana, stroma; function in photosynthesis. |
| What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? | Reactants: CO2, H2O, light energy; Products: glucose, O2 |
| How do the photosystems contribute to electron flow in photosynthesis? | Absorb light, excite electrons, transfer them through the electron transport chain. |
| How is water split in PSII, and what happens to the oxygen? | Water is split to provide electrons; oxygen is released as a byproduct |
| How do electrons move from PSII to PSI? | Through the electron transport chain, generating a proton gradient. |
| How is light energy used to create NADPH and a proton gradient? | Electrons reduce NADP+ to NADPH; proton gradient drives ATP synthesis |
| What are the main steps of the Calvin Cycle? | CO2 fixation, reduction to G3P, regeneration of RuBP |
| How does oxygen compete with CO2 in the Calvin Cycle? | Rubisco can bind O2 instead of CO2, leading to photorespiration |
| What are the key differences between C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis? | C3: Standard Calvin Cycle; C4: Spatial separation; CAM: Temporal separation |
Created by:
garciar
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