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BIOL 111 Exam 2

TermDefinition
Phylogeny Parent to offspring transmission of genes--> gene history can be used to infer evolutionary relationships among species
Positive selection Identify genes under selection and in which lineages that are under selection. Nonsynonymous changes when the amino acid changing site is changing rapidly
Ancestral function Infer ancestral genes sequences and evolutionary history of gene function
Genome evolution Infer evolutionary history of additions, deletions, and structure of genes
Population structure Infer levels of gene flow among populations or species, mating systems, and history of population expansion or contraction
Ancestry Trace your own lineage back into deep evolutionary time
Genetic drift Synonymous and nonsynonymous are changing about the same
Purifying selection When a protein that's adapted and operating optimally faces a mutation that changes the amino acid, it's selected against
Orthologs Copies of the same gene in different species descended from their common ancestor
Paralogs Copies of the same gene in the same genome due to a gene duplication event
Xenologs Horizontal transfer of genetic material between two distantly related species
Analogs Different genes in separate species that have converged to have the same function via separate evolutionary paths
Cladogenesis Evolutionary splitting among lineages, based on speciation for lineages at and above the species level. Two lineages split into different species
Anagenesis Evolutionary change within a lineage, ex population or species. Species formation without branching of the evolutionary line of descent
Analogous Outward similarity due to convergent evolution
Phylogeny Inferred pattern of relationships, represented as a phylogenetic tree
Taxonomy Description, naming and classification of organisms
Systematics Evolutionary history and adaptation and diversification (including biogeography and ecology) of a group
Phylogenetic analysis Inference of evolutionary relationships of populations, species, or genes
Ingroup Group of interest to understand what the relationships are, synonym of monophyletic group
Clade Common ancestor and all descendant species
Outgroup Used to infer ancestral state in ingroup
Monophyletic (clade) Common ancestor and all descendant species
Polyphyletic Doesn't include all descendant species
Synapomorphy Characteristics that are shared and derived, defines a group ex. Hair in mammals
Plesiomorphy Traits shared that doesn't define a group ex. Backbones
Cyanobacteria Autotrophic gram negative bacterium that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis
Bacterial Transformation DNA is released into environment and then picked up by surrounding bacteria, don't have to be related
Bacterial Transduction Phage (virus that attacks bacteria) attacks one bacteria and then attacks a different bacteria and transfers DNA
Bacterial Conjugation (horizontal gene transfer) Bacterial "sex" Transfer genetic material through direct cell to cell contact through sex pilus Common in prokaryotes, common in protists and infrequent in multicellular species
Xenologous Genes Genes found in different species transferred through horizontal transfer of DNA Can only be determined through phylogeny Ex. How antibacterial resistance spreads
Vertical gene transfer Genetic transfer that's going from mother to offspring
Euglenids Free living aquatic flagellates with diverse modes of nutrition including, photoautotroph
Autotrophs Make their own sugar
Heterotroph Organism that gets sugar from somewhere else
Polymorphism There are multiple variations of DNA sequence in population or individual
Created by: Fosbennerjr
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