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Unit 6 Bio
gene expression
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| gene expression and regulation does what | control how genetic information is used in cells |
| transcription and translation | convert DNA into functional proteins |
| transcription | converts genetic info in dna into messenger RNA |
| what does transcription use to turn DNA into RNA | RNA polymerase |
| where does transcription occur | nucleus of eukaryotic cells cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells |
| translation | synthesis of proteins from mRNA template and transfer RNA |
| epigenetic factors | methylation and histone modifications |
| what is the structure of DNA | doubled stranded helix of nucleotides. sugar + phosphate+ nitrogenous base |
| nitrogenous bases are held together by what | hydrogen bonds |
| sugar/ phosphate backbones are held together by what | covalent bonds |
| DNA wraps around | histones which allows the long strand of DNA to become tightly compacted in the nucleus |
| what determines genetic code | the sequence of nucleotides |
| genetic codes are read in triplets called | codons |
| each codon does what | specifies a particular amino acids |
| replication is | semi conservative ( each DNA molecule contains one original strand and a new synthesized strand) |
| transcription | synthesis of RNA from a DNA template |
| RNA polymerase binds to a | promoter |
| promoters | signals the start of gene expression. binding spot for RNA polynmerase |
| rna polymerase | an enzyme that unwinds DNA and aids in the building of a complementary RNA strand by adding nucleotides. Exposes the template strand |
| Nucleotides are added to what | the growing RNA strand based on the complementary DNA strand |
| transcription continues until RNA polymerase reaches | a termination sequence |
| before translation the mrna is | pre-mrna |
| what are the steps of maturing pre-mrna | adding a 5' cap and 3' poly-a-tail and slicing to remove non coding introns |
| mature mRNA is exported | from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
| ribosomes are what | composed of rRNA ( ribosomal) and proteins which are the site of protein synthesis |
| ribosomes consist | of a large and subunit that assemble on the mRNA |
| transfer RNA | molecules act as adapters carrying certain amino acids to the ribosomes and recognize their corresponding codons |
| each tRNA has an _____________ that is complementary to a ___________ | anticodon, codon |
| how many stages are in the translation process | initiation, elongation, and termination |
| initiation | involves the assembly of the ribosome on the mRNA at the start codon (AUG |
| elongation | the ribosome moves along the mRNA, and amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain based on the sequence of codons |
| Termination | occurs when the ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA), causing the release of the newly synthesized protein |
| Prokaryotic gene regulation primarily occurs | at the level of transcription through the action of repressors and activators |
| lac operon is an example of | negative regulation |
| the cap system is an example of | positive regulation |
| Positive regulation involves | activator proteins that enhance transcription by binding to specific sequences near the promoter and recruiting RNA polymerase |
| Eukaryotic gene regulation can occur at multiple levels, including | transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational control |
| which form of regulation is more complex | eukaryotic gene regulation |
| Transcriptional regulation involves the interaction of | transcription factors with regulatory sequences in the DNA, such as promoters and enhancers |
| Transcription factors | activators or repressors |
| Enhancers are | egulatory sequences that can loop around to interact with promoters and influence transcriptio |
| Euchromatin is | loosely packed and associated with actively transcribed genes |
| heterochromatin is | tightly packed and associated with inactive genes |
| Histone modifications | such as acetylation and methylation, can alter chromatin structure and affect gene expression |
| Post-transcriptional regulation includes mechanisms such as | splicing, RNA editing, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation |
| Alternative splicing allows | for the production of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene by selectively including or excluding specific exons |
| RNA editing involves | the modification of nucleotides in the RNA sequence, potentially altering the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein |
| Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that | do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence itself |
| DNA methylation | is a common epigenetic modification that involves the addition of methyl groups to cytosine residues, primarily in CpG dinucleotides |
| Which part of the DNA monomer actually encodes genetic information | Central Dogma |
| Which of the following components is not involved during the formation of the replication fork? | ligase |
| Which of the following does the enzyme primase synthesize? | RNA primer |
| In which direction does DNA replication take place | 5'-3' |
| The ends of the linear chromosomes are maintained by (eukaryotic cells) | telomerase |
| what is RNA able to do that DNA can not | leave the nucleus residing in the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
| Rrna ( ribosomal DNA) | used to make proteins |
| MRNA ( messenger RNA ) | used to encode the information from the DNA for the production of proteins. carried by the mRNA to the ribosomes to make proteins |
| tRNA ( transfer RNA) | identifies amino acid needed and transfers info to the protein |
| TRNA is called a | anti codon |
| transcription is controlled | seperatly for each genome |
| Francis Crick’s central dogma | Cells are governed by a molecular chain of command with a directional flow of information from DNA to RNA to Protein. |
| The promoter commonly contains a | TATA box, a series of nucleotides on the non-template strand. |
| frameshift mutations | Deletion: deleting a base pair. Insertion: inserting a base pair. |
| What are the roles of DNA polymerases during replication? | The primary role is to add the A's, C's, T's and G's to the elongating new strands of DNA. It also proofreads the new copies |
| Why is the reading frame of mRNA so important? | It knows where to start and end DNA. |
| Where in the cell do replication, transcription, and translation occur? | Replication occurs in the nucleus. Transcription occurs in the nucleus. Translation occurs in the nucleus of a cell, if it has a nucleus. If the cell lacks a nucleus, then the mRNA is immediately translated without additional processing. |
Created by:
Zariii
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