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Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Non-specific defenses | Those that do not target a particular pathogen. |
| Specific defenses | Recognize and defend against specific pathogens. |
| First line of non-specific defenses consists of: | The skin, mucous membranes, and bodily secretions |
| In the skin, the pH of ___ to ___ protects against fungal and bacterial growth. | 3, 5 |
| What is the advantage of mucous membranes to the body? | Contain ciliated epithelial cells that sweep mucus containing debris from the body. |
| What are some examples of secretions as components of nonspecific defense? | Hydrochloric acid, tears |
| The body's second line of defense include: | Phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation |
| What do antimicrobial proteins do? | Attach pathogens directly or prevent their reproduction. |
| Inflammation? | It is a localized response to an invading pathogen or physical injury. |
| ___ are able to trigger allergy symptoms by releasing histamine. | Mast cells |
| What are the 2 different specific immune responses? | Humoral response, cell-mediated response |
| Humoral response involves: | Antibodies produced by B cells |
| Cell-mediated response involves: | Cytotoxic T cells |
| Lymphocytes | White blood cells that mature in T and B cells. |
| T cells are lymphocytes that mature in the ___ and B cells mature in ___. | Thymus, bone marrow |
| Specific immune response is characterized by 4 features: | 1) It can distinguish between self and nonself, 2) It will respond to a diverse array of pathogens, 3)It is specific, 4) it has memory |
| Lymphatic system | Central to the immune system |
| Lymph | A fluid derived from blood and tissues. |
| When lymph is found in blood, it is referred to as ___, when found in the tissues it is referred to as ___. | Plasma, interstitial fluid |
| What are the functions of lymph nodes? | Filters for cells, bacteria, and other matter in the lymph. |
| Large numbers of ___ are found in the lymph nodes. | Leukocytes |
| Lymph nodes | Where lymph vessels come together. |
| Thymus | Located above the heart and involved int he development of the immune system. |
| Clone selection | The antigen-driven cloning of lymphocytes. |
| B cells will clone into ___ and ___, while T cells will clone to ___ and ___. | Plasma cells, memory B cells, activated T cells, memory T cells. |
| If any maturing lymphocytes recognize and attack normally occurring materials in the body, they are deactivated or destroyed by ___, programmed cell death. | Apoptosis |
| Primary immune response | A gradual increase in concentration of antibodies specific to that antigen. |
| Secondary immune response | Response is greater and more prolonged than in the primary immune response. |
| Major histocompatability compex (MHC) | Glycoproteins found in the surface of cells. |
| What are the 2 classes of MHC molecules: | Class I MHC and Class II MHC |
| Cytotoxic T cells | Activated by antigens displayed on class I MHC on the surfaces of nucleated cells. |
| Helper T cells | Stimulated by antigens presented on class I MHC molecules on the surface of macrophages. |
| Antigen | Foreign molecules that cause an immune repines. |
| Cytokines | Chemical released by Active helper T cells, which help activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells. |
| CD4 | Greatly enhances the interaction between the helper T cell and the macrophage. |
| IL-1 | Activates the helper T cell. |
| IL-2 | Secreted by helper T cell, which will activate other helper T cells, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells. |
| Once cytotoxic T cells are activated they the protein ___, triggering the ___ of infected cells. | Perforin, lysis |
| What does IL2 stand for? | Interleukin 2 |
| T-dependent antigens | Antigens that stimulate antibody production with the aid of helper T cells. |
| AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by the retrovirus ___. | HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) |
| How does the HIV virus replicate its genetic material? | It injects RNA into a host cell and uses reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA. DNA will direct synthesis of new viral RNA, which will direct synthesis of viral proteins. |
| What are other coreceptors of HIV virus? | Fusin and CCR5 |
| Describe the process of HIV infection. | The virus concentration peaks and rapidly decline due to immune response. Virus continues to replicate itself in the lymphatic system and increases in the blood. T cell concentration reaches an all time low and virus continues to replicate. |
| Reverse transcriptase | Used to catalyze the synthesis of DNA from RNA. |
| HIV is a ___ virus. | RNA |
Created by:
pacetej
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