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8th STAAR Vocab
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| a substance that neutralizes a base to form water; has a pH less than 7 | acid |
| the property of water that causes it to stick to other objects | adhesion |
| a substance that neutralizes acid to form water; has a pH above 7 | base |
| water seems to climb up small tubes due to adhesion | capilary action |
| the property of water that causes it to stick to itself | cohesion |
| a pure substance made by chemically combining two or more elements; represented by a chemical formula | Compound |
| a pure substance composed of the same type of atom throughout | element |
| a mixture that is not uniform throughout | heterogeneous mixture |
| a mixture that is uniform throughout | homogeneous mixture |
| the measure of how acidic or basic a solution is | pH |
| the cohesive property of water that causes it to resist external force | surface tension |
| the rearrangement of atoms to form new substances with different properties | chemical reaction |
| matter is not created or destroyed, only rearranged | law of conservation of mass |
| the rate at which an object changes its velocity | acceleration |
| force that is applied on an object by a person or another object | applied force |
| equal and opposite forces on an object that result in no change in position, direction, or motion; combined net force equals zero | balanced forces |
| a push or pull that can change the position or motion of an object / material | force |
| a measurement of the amount of matter in a sample | mass |
| measurement of the total forces exerted on an object, measured in Newtons (N) | net force |
| the tendency of an object to resist change in motion unless acted upon by an outside net force | Newton's 1st Law |
| when an object that has a constant mass is acted upon by a force, the object will accelerate in the same direction as the force applied | Newton's 2nd Law |
| for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction | Newton's 3rd Law |
| forces that occur in opposite directions and equal strengths at the point of contact between objects | Simultaneous force pairs |
| unequal forces acting on an object that may result in a change in position, direction, or motion; combined net force does not equal zero (greater than zero) | Unbalanced forces |
| measure of the size of the disturbance of a wave; height on the y-axis | Amplitude |
| the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, including the wavelengths or frequencies of visible and invisible forms of energy, including radio, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma | Electromagnetic spectrum |
| the number of times a wave passes a certain point in a given amount of time | frequency |
| a movement of energy through a medium or space from one place to another | wave |
| the linear distance between identical points on successive waves | wavelength |
| the hypothesis that the Earth’s continents were once one large landmass and have moved over geologic time relative to each other | continental drift theory |
| plate boundaries where the plates are moving toward each other | convergent boundaries |
| plate boundaries where the plates are moving apart | divergent boundaries |
| the impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in rock | fossil |
| Earth's surface is broken into large pieces called plates that are constantly moving and changing at a very slow rate | plate tectonics |
| each rock layer is older than the one above it | superposition |
| plate boundaries where the plates are moving past each other in different directions | transform boundaries |
| a region in space where gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape | black hole |
| a system of stars and associated matter held together by gravitational attraction | galaxy |
| a diagram that shows the relationship between the brightness, surface temperature, and color of stars | Hertzsprung-Russell diagram |
| total amount of light (energy) emitted by a star or other celestial body | luminosity |
| the measure of the observed visible brightness of a star | magnitude |
| the galaxy which contains our Sun and its solar system, including Earth | Milky Way galaxy |
| clouds of dust and gas; site of star formation; remains of dead or dying stars | nebulae |
| observations of galaxies moving away from each other and our own Milky Way galaxy | red-shift |
| luminous globe of gas which produces its own heat and light by nuclear reaction made of mostly hydrogen and helium gas | star |
| water on the side of the Earth closest to the Moon is most strongly affected by the Moon’s gravitational pull | daily tide |
| occurs at the first and third (last) quarter Moon phases; the Sun is at a right angle to the Moon | neap tide |
| occurs at the full and new Moon phases; the Earth, Moon, and Sun are in alignment, pulling the water in the same direction | spring tide |
| the rising and falling of the oceans due to the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun; usually occurs twice each day | tide |
| an envelope of mixed gases held to the Earth by gravity; the most dense gases are near the surface of the Earth | atmosphere |
| when temperature differences cause liquids and gases (fluids) to expand and move; the less dense areas continually rise; the more dense areas continually sink, creating a cyclical current | convection current |
| the effect of the Earth’s rotation on the path of air and water; causes the path to curve | Coriolis effect |
| the ice, water vapor, and liquid water in the atmosphere, including oceans, lakes, streams, soils, and groundwater | hydrosphere |
| the condition of the atmosphere at a place for a short period of time, including humidity, cloud cover, temperature, wind, and precipitation | weather |
| nonliving factors in the environment; physical rather than biological; do not come from living organisms | abiotic |
| a variety of organisms in an ecosystem or biome | biodiversity |
| living factors in the environment; related to, produced by, or caused by living organisms | biotic |
| dominant community of plants and animals that come to live in an area | climax community |
| the changing sequence of communities that live in an ecosystem during a given time period | ecological succession |
| a community of interacting living organisms and the physical environment that they live in | ecosystem |
| a state of balance | equilibrium |
| a representation of several overlapping food chains in an ecosystem; includes the flow of energy from the Sun through producers to consumers and decomposers through multiple pathways | food web |
| a condition or resource that keeps a population at a certain size | limiting factor |
| physical geographic events that cause damage and loss of life | natural disaster |
| the unique role or job of an organism in an ecosystem | niche |
| first organisms to live in an area | pioneer species |
| a process that develops a biotic community in a previously uninhabited and barren habitat with little or no soil | primary succession |
| a process started by an event that reduces an already established ecosystem to a smaller population of species | secondary succession |
| ability to maintain ecological processes over long periods of time; ability of an ecosystem to maintain its structure and function over time | sustainability |
| the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms | cell |
| regulates what goes into and out of the cell | cell membrane |
| gives structure to plant cells | cell wall |
| site of photosynthesis in plant cells | chloroplast |
| made of DNA located in the nucleus; contains genetic information needed to carry our cell functions and make new cells | chromosome |
| fluid that surrounds the organelles | cytoplasm |
| nucleic acid, which is self-replicating and contains the code to make all proteins needed by an organism | DNA |
| segment of DNA found on a chromosome; determines the inheritance of a particular trait | gene |
| converts energy from food into energy a cell can use | mitochondria |
| contains genetic material and controls the use of genes; found in eukaryotic cells | nucleus |
| differentiated structure within a cell that performs a specific function | organelle |
| behavioral characteristics or physical attributes of an organism that are expressed by genes and / or influenced by the environment | traits |
| storage area for cells | vacuole |
| a change in structure or habits (behavior), often hereditary, by which an organism improves its condition in relationship to its environment | adaptation |
| an adaptation in response to stimuli | behavioral adaptation |
| process by which organisms change over time as those with traits best suited to an environment pass on their traits to the next generation | natural selection |
| an adaptation in the way in which a living organism or body part functions | physiological adaptation |
| an adaptation to the structure of living organisms | structural adaptation |
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Region18ESC
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