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NURS 319 Exam 2
Chp 10 - Infectious Diseases Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Host | human or animal colonized by a pathogen |
| Pathogen | microorganisms capable of causing infectious disease |
| Colonization | pathogen living in a host |
| Infection | the invasion, colonization, and multiplication of pathogens (aka symptoms) |
| Virulence | ability to produce disease |
| Reservoir | source of pathogen |
| Vector | a living being that can carry pathogen from reservoir to host |
| Fomite | inanimate object that commonly transmits pathogens |
| Epidemiology | the study of diseases and how they distribute |
| Incidence | the number of NEW infection cases |
| Prevalence | the number of active ongoing infections |
| Endemic | incidence and prevalence are stable |
| Epidemic | abrupt increase in incidence in location |
| Pandemic | global spread of disease |
| Microbial flora | the normal organisms that live in or on the human body and do not cause infection or disease |
| Opportunistic infection | an infection caused by microorganisms that flourish because the host's immune system is weakened |
| Normal flora of the skin | Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Candida |
| Congenital infection | passed from mother to child |
| Stage 1 of Infection | Incubation |
| Incubation | microorganisms begin replication without identifiable symptoms |
| Stage 2 of Infection | Prodromal |
| Prodromal | initial symptoms appear, often vague and general |
| Stage 3 of Infection | Acute |
| Acute stage | full infectious disease signs and symptoms are present, immune system is fully engaged |
| Stage 4 of Infection | Convalescent |
| Convalescent | the elimination process where the body contains and progressively eliminates the pathogen |
| Stage 5 of Infection | Resolution |
| Resolution stage | pathogen is eliminated from the body |
| Innate immune response | the nonspecific, cellular reactions or the first line of defense |
| Adaptive immune response | the specific cellular response or the second line of defense |
| Toll-like receptors | proteins on the surface of many innate immune cells that can detect pathogens and stimulate the adaptive immune response |
| Complement system | responds to pathogens in innate and adaptive immune systems by mediating antigen-antibody reactions |
| Histological examination | studying the tissues of cells from a biopsy |
| Serological testing | a laboratory test to determine the amount of antibodies in the blood |
| Direct antigen identification | putting antibodies in a culture with the antigen to visualize the antigen-antibody complex |
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | a test that can detect a microorganism's genetic materials |
| Gram Stain | the most common clinical microbiology stain that determines the cell wall characteristics of bacteria |
| Gram-positive bacteria | stains purple, thick peptidoglycan cell wall |
| Gram-negative bacteria | stains pinkish-red, thin cell wall |
| Bacteria | unicellular prokaryotes that are categorized by shape, metabolic abilities, staining, and more |
| Staphylococcal (basic characteristics) | gram-positive, part of normal flora, coccus shaped, and forms in clusters |
| MRSA | methicillin-resistant staphylococcal |
| VRSA | vancomycin-resistant staphylococcal |
| Beta Lactamase | an enzyme that destroys penicillin |
| Streptococcal (basic characteristics) | gram-positive, coccus shaped, forms in chains, can infect almost any are in the human body |
| GABHS | Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus |
| S. pneumoniae | the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia |
| CAP | community-acquired pneumonia |
| M. pneumoniae | atypical pneumonia that causes "walking pneumonia" |
| Legionella pneumophila | the primary causative agent for Legionnaire's Disease |
| Bacterial pneumonias | microorganisms that invade the respiratory tract via the nasopharynx |
| Bacterial Meningitis | inflammation of the meningeal layers that surround the brain and spinal cord |
| Nuchal rigidity | stiff neck |
| Kernig's sign | associated with bacterial meningitis: severe stiffness and pain in the hamstrings when attempting to straighten leg in the air |
| Brudzinski's sign | associated with bacterial meningitis: a severe stiff neck causes a patient's legs and hips to flex when the neck is lifted |
| Photophobia | light sensitivity |
| Escherichia coli | a gram-negative rod that is the common cause of UTI and can cause other diseases |
| Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) | a rare condition that results from an acute kidney injury due to an infection from a shiga-toxin producing E.coli |
| Clostridium difficile | spore-forming anaerobic bacteria that causes severe diarrhea and other symptoms |
| Acellular | also known as a non-cellular life, such as a virus that requires a host for metabolic processes |
| DIC | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
| Rhinorrhea | runny nose |
| Anosmia | lack of smell |
| Ageusia | lack of taste |
| ARDS | Acute-respiratory distress syndrome |
| Lymphopenia | low lymphocytes in the blood |
| Fungi | string-like under a microscope, reproduce through tiny spores in the air |
| Dermatophytes | a group of fungi that cause superficial infections involving the skin, nails, or mucous membranes |
| Candida | a fungi that is commonly part of the normal flora and is pathogenic when it overgrows |
| Oropharyngeal candidiasis | also known as Oral Thrush |
| Vulvovaginal candidaiasis | a yeast infection of the female outer genitalia and vaginal canal |
| Balanitis | a fungal infection of the penis that can also spread to the thighs, buttocks, and scrotum |
| Helminths | worms that cause infection |
| Protists | protozoa or unicellular eukaryotes that are commonly called parasites |
| Giardiasis | water contaminated with a protozoa that causes diarrhea |
| Malaria | a hemolytic disease caused by a mosquito carrying Plasmodium protozoa |
| Toxoplasmosis | an infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii protozoan that is a major risk for pregnant women and the immunocompromised |
| Prions | proteins that require a host to function and act as parasites in humans and animals |
| Crutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) | an extremely rare, fatal degenerative neurological disease that causes a spongiform appearance of the brain |
| Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy | AKA "Mad cow" disease that is spread by infected meat-and-bone meal fed to cattle |
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