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Advanced Biology ALL
ALL THE PACK
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the main purpose of cellular respiration? | To convert glucose into ATP. |
| Where does glycolysis take place in the cell? | Cytoplasm. |
| Which of the following is the net gain of ATP from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis? | 2 ATP. |
| What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? | Oxygen. |
| During which stage of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced? | Electron transport chain. |
| What are the main products of the Krebs cycle? | ATP, NADH, and FADH₂. |
| Which molecule carries electrons to the electron transport chain? | NADH. |
| What happens to pyruvate before entering the Krebs cycle? | It is converted into acetyl CoA. |
| Which of the following processes does NOT occur in the mitochondria? | Glycolysis. |
| How many ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen? | 36-38 ATP. |
| Which process is responsible for the production of lactic acid in muscle cells during intense exercise? | Lactic acid fermentation. |
| What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration? | To generate ATP. |
| In which part of the mitochondria does the electron transport chain take place? | Inner membrane. |
| Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration? | Glucose. |
| What is the first step in the process of cellular respiration? | Glycolysis. |
| How is energy stored in ATP released? | By breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups. |
| What by-products are produced during aerobic respiration? | Carbon dioxide and water. |
| Which stage of cellular respiration is directly responsible for producing carbon dioxide? | Krebs cycle. |
| Which compound is regenerated in the final step of the Krebs cycle? | Oxaloacetate. |
| The chemiosmotic theory involves which process? | Proton gradient and ATP synthesis. |
| What is the main product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells? | Lactic acid. |
| Which process occurs in anaerobic respiration but not in aerobic respiration? | Fermentation. |
| In yeast cells, anaerobic respiration produces: | Ethanol and carbon dioxide. |
| Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of: | Oxygen. |
| During anaerobic respiration in muscles, what is the main cause of muscle fatigue? | Accumulation of lactic acid. |
| Which of the following statements is true about anaerobic respiration? | It produces ethanol or lactic acid. |
| What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced during anaerobic respiration from one molecule of glucose? | 2 ATP. |
| Which organism commonly uses anaerobic respiration to produce energy? | Yeast. |
| What is the initial substrate for anaerobic respiration? | Glucose. |
| In which part of the cell does anaerobic respiration take place? | Cytoplasm. |
| Anaerobic respiration in yeast is also known as: | Alcoholic fermentation. |
| Which of the following is a disadvantage of anaerobic respiration? | It produces less ATP compared to aerobic respiration. |
| What role does NADH play in anaerobic respiration? | It donates electrons during glycolysis. |
| During vigorous exercise, why do muscles switch to anaerobic respiration? | To generate ATP quickly without the need for oxygen. |
| Which stage of cellular respiration does anaerobic respiration bypass? | Krebs cycle. |
| In anaerobic respiration, what is the fate of pyruvate in animal cells? | It is converted into lactic acid. |
| Which of the following is true about the ATP yield from anaerobic respiration? | It is lower than that from aerobic respiration. |
| Anaerobic respiration in bacteria is often used in the production of: | All of the above (yogurt, bread, wine). |
| What happens to the carbon atoms from glucose during anaerobic respiration in yeast? | They are released as carbon dioxide. |
| What is the main pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants? | Chlorophyll. |
| Where in the cell does the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis take place? | Thylakoid membrane. |
| What are the raw materials for photosynthesis? | Carbon dioxide and water. |
| What Is the primary product of the Calvin cycle? | Glucose. |
| Which of the following wavelengths of light is most effective for photosynthesis? | Red and blue. |
| What is the role of water in photosynthesis? | Provides electrons, protons, and oxygen. |
| What is the primary electron acceptor in the light reactions? | NADP⁺. |
| Which gas is released as a byproduct of photosynthesis? | Oxygen. |
| In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur? | Stroma. |
| What is the primary function of the light-dependent reactions? | Convert light energy into chemical energy. |
| What is the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis? | Water. |
| Which process occurs in the thylakoid membrane? | Light-dependent reactions. |
| What is the primary purpose of photosynthesis? | Produce glucose. |
| Which molecule carries energy from the light-dependent reactions to the Calvin cycle? | ATP and NADPH. |
| What happens to electrons in chlorophyll when they absorb sunlight? | They gain energy and move to a higher energy level. |
| What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle? | To produce glucose. |
| In which part of the chloroplast do the light-dependent reactions occur? | Thylakoid membrane. |
| Which molecule is produced in the light-dependent reactions and used in the Calvin cycle? | ATP. |
| What is the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? | It increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point. |
| What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells? | To carry out photosynthesis. |
| Which complex in the thylakoid membrane is responsible for ATP synthesis? | ATP synthase. |
| What is the purpose of the proton gradient generated during the light reactions? | To drive the synthesis of ATP. |
| Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions? | Glucose. |
| What is the primary function of the stroma in the chloroplast? | To provide a site for the Calvin cycle. |
| What is the primary pigment involved in capturing light energy? | Chlorophyll. |
| Which molecule is produced by the photolysis of water in the light-dependent reactions? | Oxygen. |
| What is the primary function of the light-dependent reactions? | To produce ATP and NADPH. |
| Which molecule acts as the primary electron donor in the light reactions? | Water. |
| What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain in the light-dependent reactions? | To generate a proton gradient. |
| Which complex is responsible for capturing light and transferring excited electrons in the light reactions? | Photosystem II. |
| What is the final electron acceptor in the light reactions of photosynthesis? | NADP⁺. |
| Which process directly generates ATP in the light-dependent reactions? | Photophosphorylation. |
| Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions? | ATP. |
| What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? | To absorb light energy. |
| Which part of the light reactions involves the splitting of water molecules? | Photosystem II. |
| What is the energy source for the light-dependent reactions? | Sunlight. |
| Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions? | Glucose. |
| What is the purpose of the proton gradient generated during the light reactions? | To drive the synthesis of ATP. |
| Which complex in the thylakoid membrane is responsible for ATP synthesis? | ATP Synthase |
| What is the main purpose of Photosystem II in the light reactions? Answer: Sunlight. | To capture light energy and split water molecules. |
| Which molecule provides the electrons for the electron transport chain in the light reactions? | Water. |
| What is the role of the cytochrome b6f complex in the light reactions? | To transfer electrons between Photosystem II and Photosystem I. |
| What is the primary function of Photosystem I? | To produce NADPH. |
| Which molecule is reduced to NADPH in the light reactions? | NADP⁺. |
| What is the significance of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis? | They produce ATP and NADPH required for the Calvin cycle. |
| Which of the following processes occurs in the thylakoid membrane? | Light-dependent reactions. |
| Which pigment is found in the reaction center of Photosystem I? | Chlorophyll a. |
| What is the ultimate source of energy for the light-dependent reactions? | Sunlight. |
| Energy is required for a variety of life processes including: | All of the above (growth, reproduction, movement, transport). |
| Heterotrophs are organisms that can: | Consume other organisms for energy. |
| Based on the cycle of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, one can say that the ultimate original source of energy for all living things on Earth is: | The sun. |
| The process whereby plants capture energy and make complex molecules is known as: | Photosynthesis. |
| Suspended in the fluid stroma of chloroplasts are: | Stacks of thylakoids called grana. |
| Photosynthesis : oxygen :: respiration : | Carbon dioxide. |
| Biochemical pathway : reaction :: | Assembly line : workers. |
| Light reactions : thylakoids :: Calvin cycle : | Stroma. |
| The sun is considered the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth because: | Either photosynthetic organisms or organisms that have eaten them provide energy for all other organisms on Earth. |
| The energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds in a series of linked chemical reactions called a: | Biochemical pathway. |
| The role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis is to: | Absorb light energy. |
| When light strikes an object, the light may be: | All of the above (reflected, absorbed, transmitted). |
| Chlorophyll is green because: | It reflects green wavelengths of light. |
| What happens when a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light? | Some of its electrons are raised to a higher energy level. |
| Chloroplast : grana :: photosystem : | Pigment molecules. |
| When electrons of a chlorophyll molecule are raised to a higher energy level, they: | Enter an electron transport chain. |
| NADP+ is important in photosynthesis because it: | Provides protons and electrons for some reactions. |
| The electrons of Photosystem I: | Are eventually replaced by electrons from Photosystem II. |
| The source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis is: | Water |
| The major atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis is: | Oxygen. |
| During the Calvin cycle, carbon-containing molecules are produced from: | Carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the air and hydrogen atoms from NADPH. |
| Which of the following processes occurs in the thylakoid membrane and converts captured light energy into chemical energy? | Chemiosmosis. |
| Chemiosmosis in the thylakoid membrane is directly responsible for: | Providing the energy to produce ATP molecules. |
| At the thylakoid membrane: | Energy from electrons is used to make ATP. |
| Products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that provide energy for the Calvin cycle are: | ATP and NADPH. |
| The Calvin cycle of photosynthesis: | All of the above (requires ATP and NADPH, can occur in both light and dark conditions, generates glucose). |
| The energy used in the Calvin cycle for the production of carbohydrate molecules comes from: | ATP made in the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
| During photosynthesis, the series of reactions that create the complex carbohydrates needed for energy and growth is called: | The Calvin cycle. |
| All organic molecules contain carbon atoms that ultimately can be traced back in the food chain to: | Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. |
| Which of the following can be produced from the products of the Calvin cycle? | All of the above (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins). |
| C3, C4, and CAM plants differ from each other in that: | C3 plants use the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation, and C4 and CAM plants use different pathways for carbon fixation. |
| Refer to the illustration above. Graph 1 demonstrates that the rate of photosynthesis: | Increases in response to increasing light intensity, but only to a certain point. |
| Refer to the illustration above. Taken together, these graphs demonstrate that: | The rate of photosynthesis is affected by changes in the plant’s environment. |
| When cells break down food molecules, energy: | Is temporarily stored in ATP molecules. |
| ATP: | Is essential for a cell to perform all the tasks necessary for life. |
| A substance produced during photosynthesis that is used for completion of cellular respiration is: | Oxygen |
| The process of cellular respiration: | Breaks down food molecules to release stored energy. |
| Cellular respiration : organic compounds :: | Automobile : gasoline. |
| When glycolysis occurs: | All of the above (a molecule of glucose is split, two molecules of pyruvic acid are made, some ATP is produced). |
| The name of the process that takes place when organic compounds are broken down in the absence of oxygen is: | Fermentation |
| When muscles are exercised extensively in the absence of sufficient oxygen: | Lactic acid is produced. |
| If the formation of a standard amount of ATP under certain conditions requires 12 kcal of energy and the complete oxidation of glucose yields 686 kcal of energy, how efficient is glycolysis at extracting energy from glucose? | 3.5%. |
| Cellular respiration takes place in two stages: | Glycolysis, then aerobic respiration. |
| In cellular respiration, a two-carbon molecule combines with a four-carbon molecule to form citric acid as part of: | The Krebs cycle. |
| Acetyl coenzyme A: | All of the above (is formed from the breakdown of pyruvic acid, enters the Krebs cycle, can be used in synthesis of needed molecules). |
| Glycolysis and aerobic respiration are different in that: | Glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen, while aerobic respiration requires oxygen. |
| Which of the following is not formed during the Krebs cycle? | NADPH. |
| Which of the following is not part of cellular respiration? | The Calvin cycle. |
| With oxygen present, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain: | Produce most of the ATP needed for life. |
| Water is an end product in: | The electron transport chain. |
| Krebs cycle : CO₂ :: | Glycolysis : glucose. |
| ATP molecules produced during aerobic respiration: | Enter the cell's cytoplasm through the membranes of the mitochondria in which they are formed. |
| At the end of the electron transport chain: | The electrons combine with oxygen and protons to form water. |
| The process shown in the equation above begins in the cytoplasm of a cell and ends in the: | Mitochondria. |
| The equation above summarizes the process known as: | Cellular respiration. |
| The molecule referred to as "molecule A" in the equation above is: | ATP. |
| When living cells break down molecules, energy is: | Both b and c (released as heat and stored as ATP). |
| Which of the following is the best explanation for the presence of both chloroplasts and mitochondria in plant cells? | Sugars are produced in chloroplasts. These sugars can be stored in the plant for later use, converted to other chemicals, or broken down in aerobic respiration to yield ATP for the plant to use to meet its energy needs. |
| In cellular respiration, the most energy is transferred during: | The electron transport chain. |
| Electrons are donated to the electron transport chain by: | FADH₂ and NADH. |
| If the formation of 38 molecules of ATP requires 266 kcal of energy and the complete oxidation of glucose yields 686 kcal of energy, how efficient is cellular respiration at extracting energy from glucose? | 39%. |
| Mendel prevented self-pollination of his plants by: | Removing the anthers of the plants. |
| The “father” of genetics was: | Gregor Mendel. |
| Mendel obtained his P generation by allowing the plants to: | Self-pollinate. |
| What is the probability that the offspring of a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual will exhibit the dominant phenotype? | 1.0. |
| True-breeding pea plants always: | Produce offspring each of which can have only one form of a trait. |
| The first filial (F1) generation is the result of: | Crosses between individuals of the parental generation. |
| Which of the following is the designation for Mendel’s original pure strains of plants? | P |
| F2 : F1 :: | F1 :: P |
| The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called: | Heredity. |
| A genetic trait that appears in every generation of offspring is called: | Dominant |
| Homozygous : heterozygous :: | BB : Bb. |
| Mendel's finding that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of another became known as the: | Law of independent assortment. |
| To describe how traits can disappear and reappear in a certain pattern from generation to generation, Mendel proposed: | The law of segregation. |
| The law of segregation explains that: | Alleles of a gene separate from each other during meiosis. |
| When Mendel crossed pea plants that differed in two characteristics, such as flower color and plant height: | He found that the inheritance of one trait did not influence the inheritance of the other trait. |
| The phenotype of an organism: | Reflects all the traits that are actually expressed. |
| If an individual has two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to be: | Homozygous for the trait. |
| An individual heterozygous for a trait and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait are crossed and produce many offspring. These offspring are likely to be: | Of two different phenotypes. |
| Tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t) in pea plants. Which of the following represents the genotype of a pea plant that is heterozygous for tallness? | Tt. |
| In humans, having freckles (F) is dominant over not having freckles (f). The inheritance of these traits can be studied using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below. | (Refer to Punnett square for details). |
| Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented in box 1 in the Punnett square would: | Be homozygous for freckles. |
| Refer to the illustration above. The genotype in box 3 of the Punnett square is: | Ff. |
| A trait that occurs in 450 individuals out of a total of 1,800 individuals occurs with a probability of: | 0.25. |
| How many different phenotypes can be produced by a pair of codominant alleles? | 3. |
| Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype represented by box 1 is: | Green, inflated. |
| Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented by box 2 is: | GGII. |
| 2,000 yellow seeds : 8,000 total seeds :: | 1 : 4. |
| Refer to the illustration above. The device shown, which is used to determine the probable outcome of genetic crosses, is called a: | Punnett square. |
| Refer to the illustration above. Both of the parents in the cross are: | Black. |
| Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype of the offspring indicated by box 3 would be: | Black. |
| Refer to the illustration above. The genotypic ratio of the F1 generation would be: | 1:2:1. |
| What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant × heterozygous monohybrid cross? | 1:1. |
| What fraction of the offspring resulting from a heterozygous × heterozygous dihybrid cross are homozygous recessive for both traits? | 1/16. |
| What is the expected genotypic ratio resulting from a heterozygous × heterozygous monohybrid cross? | 1:2:1. |
| What is the expected phenotypic ratio resulting from a homozygous dominant × heterozygous monohybrid cross? | 1:0. |
| Q183 Refer to the illustration above. The phenotype represented by box 1 is: | Round, yellow. |
| Q184 Refer to the illustration above. The genotype represented by box 2 is: | RrYY. |
| Q185 Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following boxes represents the same phenotype as box 7? | Box 6. |
| An organism that has inherited two of the same alleles of a gene from its parents is called: | Homozygous. |
| In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant over green seeds. What would be the expected genotype ratio in a cross between a plant with green seeds and a plant that is heterozygous for seed color? | 1.1 |
| A cross of two individuals for a single contrasting trait is called: - Answer: Monohybrid. Each organism has a unique combination of characteristics encoded in molecules of: - Answer: DNA. - Answer: | Monohybrid. |
| Each organism has a unique combination of characteristics encoded in molecules of: | DNA. |
| The primary function of DNA is to: | Store and transmit genetic information. |
| All of the following are true about the structure of DNA except: | Short strands of DNA are contained in chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell. |
| Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of: | Nucleotides. |
| Which of the following is not part of a molecule of DNA? | Ribose. |
| A nucleotide consists of: | A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| The part of the molecule for which deoxyribonucleic acid is named is the: | Sugar |
| Purines and pyrimidines are: | Bases found in nucleotides. |
| X-ray diffraction photographs by Wilkins and Franklin suggested that: | DNA molecules are arranged as a tightly coiled helix. |
| Watson and Crick built models that demonstrated that: | DNA is made of two chains in a double helix. |
| Chargaff’s rules, the base-pairing rules, state that in DNA: | The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine. |
| The base-pairing rules state that the following are base pairs in DNA: | Adenine—thymine; guanine—cytosine. |
| Which of the following sequences of nucleotides is complementary to the DNA sequence TTGCA? | AACGT. |
| The addition of nucleotides to form a complementary strand of DNA: | Is catalyzed by DNA polymerase. |
| Which of the following is not true about DNA replication? | The process is catalyzed by enzymes called DNA mutagens. |
| During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made for each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be: | CGATCGA |
| The enzymes responsible for adding nucleotides to the exposed DNA template bases are: | DNA Polymerase |
| The function of tRNA is to: | Transfer amino acids to ribosomes. |
| Which of the following types of RNA carries instructions for making proteins? | mRNA |
| RNA differs from DNA in that RNA: | All of the above (is sometimes single-stranded, contains a different sugar molecule, contains the nitrogenous base uracil). |
| Which of the following is not found in DNA? | Uracil. |
| RNA is chemically similar to DNA except that its sugars have an additional oxygen atom, and the base thymine is replaced by a structurally similar base called: | Uracil. |
| The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA are: | Watson and Crick. |
| In RNA molecules, adenine is complementary to:: | Uracil |
| Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following is the series of amino acids encoded by the piece of mRNA shown above? | Leu—Lys—Cys—Phe. |
| Refer to the illustration above. Which of the following would represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand was made? | GAGTTTCACGAAG. |
| Refer to the illustration above. The anticodons for the codons in the mRNA in the diagram are: | CUC—GAA—CGU—CUU. |
| During translation, a ribosome binds to: | mRNA. |
| Each of the following is a type of RNA except: | Carrier RNA. |
| In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must migrate to the: | Ribosomes. |
| During transcription: | RNA is produced. |
| Transcription proceeds when RNA polymerase: | Binds to a promoter on a strand of DNA. |
| Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n): | RNA molecule. |
| Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a(n): | Codon |
| The human genome contains: | 3.2 billion base pairs |
| During translation, the amino acid detaches from the transfer RNA molecule and attaches to the end of a growing protein chain when: | The transfer RNA anticodon is paired up with the messenger RNA codon. |
| The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another, which Frederick Griffith studied, is called: | Transformation. |
| Oswald Avery showed that: | Cells missing DNA were not able to transform R cells into S cells and kill mice. |
| In their experiments, Hershey and Chase used: | DNA labeled with radioactive phosphorus. |
| An error in DNA replication can cause: | All of the above (mutations, genetic variation, cancer). |
| Stacks of thylakoids, called ______, are suspended in the stroma of chloroplasts. | Grana. |
| A photosynthetic pigment that absorbs primarily red and blue wavelengths of light and appears green is called ______, while pigments that absorb other wavelengths and appear yellow and orange are called ______. | Chlorophyll; carotenoids. |
| The abundance of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere is a result of millions of years of ______. | Photosynthesis. |
| ______ plants have an enzyme that can fix CO₂ into four-carbon compounds. | C4. |
| A reproductive process in which fertilization occurs within a single plant is called ______. | Self Polination |
| The transferring of pollen between plants is called ______. | Cross-pollination. |
| In Mendel’s experiments, a trait that disappeared in the F1 generation but reappeared in the F2 generation was always a ______. | Recessive trait. |
| The cellular process that results in the segregation of Mendel’s factors is ____ | Meiosis. |
| The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is ______. | Deoxyribose. |
| The nitrogenous base that is found only in RNA is ______. | Uracil. |
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