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unit 4 flashcards
unit 6 flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Direct communication examples | immune cells, plasmodesmata, gap junctions |
| Local communication examples | Neurotransmitters, plant immune, quorum sensing, morphogens in embryonic development |
| Long distance communication examples | Insulin, Human growth hormone, Thyroid hormones, Testosterone, Estrogen |
| Step one of cell signaling | reception; the reception of a signal (LIGAND) by a receptor protein on/within a cell membrane, or inside the cell. (SHAPE OF LIGAND MUST MATCH RECEPTOR SHAPE) |
| Step two of cell signaling | transduction; passes on the signal received at the receptor. Usually multistep, allows for amplification of a signal. |
| Step three of cell signaling | response; Nuclear (regulates protein synthesis, DNA into mRNA) or Cytoplasmic (Protein activity outside of nucleus) |
| Three major types of transmembrane receptors | G-Protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, ion channel receptors |
| Relay molecules | Usually proteins, changes shape to continue signal |
| Secondary messangers | Secondary to primary signal, not proteins, can move through cell membranes, cAMP and Ca2+ |
| Common responses of cell signaling | Mitosis, secretion of molecules (hormones), gene expression (making of protein) |
| Mutations in signal transduction pathways | Changes shape of receptor proteins, usually will negatively affect the transduction of signals |
| Agonist | ligand that binds to a receptor and causes a response. |
| Antagonist | a ligand that binds to a receptor and inhibits a response. |
| Quorum sensing | the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death, usually caused by damaged/infected cells |
| ligand | a molecule that binds to a receptor to send a signal that triggers a reaction |
| receptor protein | a protein on or inside of a cell membrane, attaches to a ligand to send signal to the cell |
| protein kinases | Enzymes that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein |
| adenylyl cyclase | Enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP |
| phosphorylation | adding a phosphate group to a molecule |
| dephosphorylation | removing a phosphate group form a molecule |
| transcription factor | a protein that binds to DNA sequences to regulate transcription of genes |
| why do cells divide | either reproduction (asexual organisms), or cell growth/repair (multicellular) |
| 4 phases of the cell cycle | g1 (g0), S, G2, M |
| mitosis/cytokinesis | division of the cell |
| G1 phase | Cell growth |
| S phase | DNA replication |
| G2 phase | More growth, spindles form to prepare for mitosis |
| G0 phase | Cells are not divided (not continuing cycle to mitosis) |
| homeostasis | maintaining a stable internal state despite external changes |
| Negative feedback systems | a response that counteracts or reduces change (regulation of body temp., blood sugar control) |
| Positive feedback systems | a response that amplifies or enhances change (childbirth, blood clotting) |
| Chromosomes | highest condensed structure of DNA, contains genetic material |
| chromatin | unraveled condensed structure of DNA |
| histones | spherical proteins involved in chromatin structure |
| nucleosomes | DNA + histones |
| somatic cells | any body cell not involved in reproduction |
| gametes | cells involved in reproduction |
| Cyclins | binds to CDKs to activate them |
| Cyclin-dependent kinases | activated if bound to a cyclin. if not bound, protein is inactive |
| 2 results of a failure to regulate cell cycle | 1. Cell death (premature apoptosis) 2. Cancer (uncontrolled vell division) |
| Single chromatid | one chromatid, still considered ONE chromosome |
| Sister chromatids | two chromatids, considered ONE chromosome |
| centrosome | organizes the microtube spindle fibers, crucial for cell division |
| kinetacore | attach site for the spindle microtubes (attaches onto centromere) |
| spindle fibers | protein structures composed of microtubes to help separate chromosomes by pulling them apart during cell division |
| motor proteins | proteins that use chemical energy from ATP to generate movement within cells |
| actin/myosin | two proteins that are needed for muscle contraction |
| parent cell | the cell that undergoes division |
| daughter cells | the cells produced from the division of the parent cell |
| Mitosis stages (in order) | Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
Created by:
noah.j
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