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Ch. 15 A&P 12345
Ch. 15 A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 Layers of Pericardium | Fibrous pericardium, Parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium |
| 3 Layers of heart wall + Tissue Type | Epicardium composed of CT covered by epi. Myocardium composed of cardiac muscle lying in sheets separated by CT. Contains capillaries, lymph cap. and nerves. Endocardium consists of epi with underlying CT. |
| Function of Auricles | Increase usable volume of atria. |
| Two separations of the left and right sides of the heart | Interatrial septum separates right and left atria and is thin-walled. Interventricular septum separates the right and left ventricles and is thick-walled. |
| 3 External sulci. | Atrioventricular sulcus which encircles the heart between the atria and ventricles. There are 2 interventricular sulci (anterior and posterior) and they are between the ventricles. |
| How does the tissue of the heart receive blood | Right coronary artery splits into right marginal branch and posterior interventricular artery. Left coronary artery splits into the circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery. |
| Cardiac Muscle cells | One nucleus. Branched. Intercalated discs connect adjacent cells and are highly folded to increase surface area. Desmosomes hold them together under tension. Gap junctions allow AP to spread through. |
| Cardiac Conduction System | SA Node -> atrial syncytium. SA Node depolarizes and internodal atrial muscle conduct impulse to distant regions of atria. A and V syncytia are separated by heart skeleton. AP->junctional fibers->AV Node->Bundle of His->Bundle branches->purkinje fibers. |
| ECG | P Wave: Atrial Depol. QRS Complex: Ventricular Depol. (simultaneous atrial repol.) T Wave: Ventricular Depol. |
| Pressure Changes during Cardiac cycle. | V pressure < A pressure, AV opens, blood flows into V increasing pressure. AV closes. once V pressure > vessel (aorta/pulmonary) pressure. Semilunar valves open, V contracts increasing pressure, forcing blood into the vessels. |
| Regulation of cardiac cycle. | Cardiac cycle in medulla oblongata, connects vagus to SA. On its own, SA beats around 100permin. Stim from vagus reduces that to 60-80. Reduced signal increases it. Stim from Sym. increases it. |
| 3 Layers of Blood vessels, comp. and func. | Tunica interna, simple squamous epi. smooth surface for blood flow, prevent blood clotting by releasing biochemicals. Tunica media, smooth muscle, elastic CT. Tunica externa, CT, attach vessel to surrounding tissue. |
| 3 Types of capillaries, characteristics | Continuous cap. relatively small openings, muscle tissue, CT and nervous tissue. Fenestrated cap. have larger holes. kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestines. Largest openings are sinusoidal cap. of liver, spleen, red bone marrow. |
| How is flow of capillaries regulated. | Smooth muscle surround capillaries in precapillary sphincters. They can shut off flow to capillaries whose tissues are not in need of giving or receiving nutrients etc. |
| 3 Methods of capillary action | Diffusion, filtration, transcytosis. |
| Diffusion | Occurs along the length of cap. nutrients and wastes tend to diffuse to area of lower concentration. (Lipid soluble) |
| Filtration | Hydrostatic pressure from the arterial side is high, venous side is low. Colloid osmotic pressure is constant (constant albumin concentration) Filtration goes in on arterial side, and out on venous side. (Lipid insoluble molecules) |
| Transcytosis | Antibodies, lipoproteins, are taken into endothelial cell (tissue side) of cap. via endocytosis, and leave via exocytosis (cap. side) |
| Systolic vs diastolic pressure. | Systolic pressure occurs during ventricular contraction, diastolic is during relaxation. |
| 3 Factors that influence arterial blood pressure. | Cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance. |
| Cardiac Output | CO=SVxHR. |
| Blood volume | Normally blood pressure is directly proportional to blood volume. |
| Peripheral Resistance | Friction, vasoconstriction increases peripheral resistance, vasodilation decreases it. |
| 2 Hormones from heart and function of each | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases blood volume. Ventricular natriuretic peptide (BNP) increases blood pressure. Both hormones inhibit RAAS |
| Know relationship between BP, CO, PR | BP = COxPR |
| Regulation of BP | BP is controlled by regulating CO and PR. CO is usually determined by SV, which can be increased by sym. stim. Also increased by preload with more blood entering during exercise. PR affects BP vasomotor center in medulla oblongata controls vessel diameter |
| 3 Factors that increase venous blood flow. | Contraction of muscle Respiratory movement Venoconstriction |
| 3 Arteries from Aorta | Brachiocephalic trunk, Left Common Carotid, Left Subclavian |
| 2 Branches of Brachiocephalic trunk | Right common carotid and right subclavian |
| 5 branches of thoracic aorta | bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, mediastinal, posterior intercostal |
| 9 branches of abdominal aorta | Celiac, phrenic, superior mesenteric, suprarenal, renal, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, lumbar, middle sacral |
| 3 branches of celiac | left gastric, splenic, hepatic |
| Branches of gonadal arteries | ovarian and spermatic |
| 2 terminal divisions of abd. aorta | Right and left common iliac |
| 3 main branches of subclavian | vertebral, thyrocervical, costocervical |
| 2 branches of common carotid | internal and external |
| What do two vertebral arteries unite into? | basilar artery |
| 2 branches of basilar artery | 2 posterior cerebral arteries |
| What structure do the 2 posterior cerebral arteries form? and what is the function of the structure. | They form the circle of Willis along with the basilar artery and the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery. Provides an alternate pathway incase of blockage |
| 5 Branches of external carotid artery | Superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular. |
| 2 terminal divisions of external carotid | maxillary and superficial temporal |
| 3 branches of internal carotid | ophthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior choroid |
| 2 terminal divisions of internal carotid | anterior and middle cerebral |
| Thoracic branch of subclavian | internal thoracic |
| 2 branches of internal thoracic artery | 2 anterior intercostal arteries |
| artery from thoracic aorta | posterior intercostal arteries |
| 2 Branches of common iliac artery | internal and external iliac |
| 7 Branches of internal iliac | iliolumbar superior and inferior gluteal internal pudendal superior and inferior vesical middle rectal uterine obturator |
| 2 branches of external iliac | inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac artery |
| 5 branches of femoral artery | superficial circumflex iliac superficial epigastric superficial and deep external pudendal deep femoral deep genicular |
| 2 terminal branches of popliteal | anterior and posterior tibial |
| 2 divisions of posterior tibial arteries | medial and lateral plantar |
| 2 veins external jugular veins empty into | right and left subclavian |
| Which veins do internal jugular veins join | subclavian veins |
| What does the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins form | brachiocephalic veins |
| What are the brachiocephalic veins tributaries of | Superior Vena Cava |
| What does the merging of radial and ulnar veins form | brachial veins |
| What do the basilic and brachial veins join to form | axillary vein |
| what does the cephalic vein become | subclavian vein |
| 2 veins that drain into the brachiocephalic veins | internal thoracic vein and intercostal veins |
| what is the azygos vein a tributary of | superior vena cava |
| 3 pairs of tributaries of azygos vein | Posterior intercostal, superior and inferior hemiazygos, right and left ascending lumbar veins |
| 3 Tributaries of hepatic portal veins | Right and left gastric superior mesenteric vein splenic vein |
| Briefly explain hepatic vein portal system | Blood in liver absorbs nutrients from diet and flows into hepatic veins which empty into inferior vena cava |
| 5 Veins that empty into inferior Vena Cava as it ascends through the abdomen | lumbar gonadal renal suprarenal phrenic |
| 2 veins that form popliteal vein | anterior and posterior tibial |
| what does popliteal vein become | femoral vein |
| what does the femoral vein become | external iliac vein |
| what three places drain into the small and great saphenous veins | foot, leg, thigh |
| What vein does the small saphenous vein join | Popliteal vein |
| Longest vein in the body | Great saphenous vein |
| Which vein does the great saphenous vein join | Femoral vein |
| 3 Places the great saphenous vein receives tributaries from | Upper thigh, groin, lower abdomen wall |
| 6 Tributaries from internal iliac veins | Gluteal, pudendal, vesical, rectal, uterine, and vaginal |
| 2 pairs of veins that join to form the common iliac veins | Internal and external iliac veins |
| What pair of veins joins to form the Inferior Vena Cava | Right and Left common iliac veins |
Created by:
JOSHAD
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