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BIO EXAM #2
Chapters 3, 4, and 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| antibiotic | Chemical that can slow or stop the growth of bacteria, often naturally produced by living organisms- penicillin-->penicillium noctatum |
| cell theory | All living things are composed of cells and cells come from other cells. |
| prokaryotic cells | lack internal membrane-bound organelles |
| eukaryotic cells | membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus |
| organelle | a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell |
| cell membrane | A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that forms the boundary of cells- in all cells and semipermeable |
| cytoplasm | The gelatinous, aqueous interior of all cells |
| ribosome | a complex of RNA and proteins that carries out protien synthesis |
| nucleus | encloses the cell's DNA, reactions for interpreting the genetic instructions take place here, surrounded by nuclear envelope |
| cell wall | a rigid structure present in some cells that encloses the cell membrane and helps the cell maintain integrity |
| osmosis | The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower-solute concentration (Hypotonic) to an area of higher-solute concentration (Hypertonic |
| hypotonic | higher solute concentration inside cell- water flows into the cell |
| hypertonic | higher solute concentration outside the cell- water flows out of cell |
| isotonic | equal solute concentration in and out of the cell- water flows equally in both directions |
| simple diffusion | Natural tendency of dissolved substances to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration- no energy required |
| transport proteins | Act as a channel, carrier, or pump, can move specific substances across membranes |
| facilitated diffusion | Movement of solutes (Large or hydrophilic (charged or polar) molecules (e.g., ions or glucose) cross the membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration- transport proteins required but no energy |
| active transport | Solutes are pumped from lower concentration to higher concentration with the help of transport protein- transport proteins and energy required |
| nuclear envelope | the double membrane surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
| mitochondria | membrane bound organelles responsible for important energy-conversion reactions in eukaryotes |
| golgi apparatus | Stacked membranous discs, packages and transports protein |
| chloroplasts | Plant and algae have them, sites of photosynthesis, capture and conversion of sunlight energy into a usable form |
| lysosome | Full of digestive enzymes, breakdown worn-out parts or molecules, recycle |
| cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers, functions include cell support, cell movement, and movement of structures within cell |
| nutrients | The chemical building blocks our bodies need to live, grow, and repair themselves, provide energy |
| energy | the ability to do work, powers our activities, helps build complex muscle |
| macronutrients | Nutrients that organisms must ingest in large amounts to maintain health- carbs, proteins, lipids(fats) |
| minerals | essential nutrients that are required in small amounts by the body |
| micronutrients | nutrients, vitamins/minerals, that organisms must ingest in small amounts to maintain health |
| vitamins | an organic molecule required in small amounts to for normal growth, reproduction, and tissue maintenance |
| essential nutrients | Cells cannot synthesize them, nutrients that must be obtained through diet |
| essential amino acids | 20 amino acids used to build proteins, 9 cannot be synthesized- must get from our diet |
| catabolic reactions | break down larger structures into smaller ones (bond breaking). Ex. Glycogen to glucose |
| anabolic reactions | build new structures from smaller subunits (bond building). Ex; glucose to glycogen |
| metabolism | chemical reactions transforms one set of chemical sibstances into another form |
| enzyme | protein that catalyzes (speeds up) a chemical reaction |
| catalysis | speeds up a chemical reaction |
| substrate | molecule to which an enzyme binds and on which it acts |
| active site | part of an enzyme that binds to the substrate |
| activation energy | the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction. |
| cofactor | an inorganic substance required to activate an enzyme- accessory or helper substances |
| coenzyme | a small organic, nonprotein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme |
| body mass index (BMI) | estimates body fat based on height and weight. |
| overweight | above weight considered normal or desirable- BMI between 25-29 |
| obese | a condition characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation- BMI of 30+ |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | the molecule that cells use to power energy requiring functions, spent any time a muscle contracts or a neuron fires. |
| aerobic respiration | glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain- series of reactions that occurs in the presence of O2 and converts energy stored in food to ATP- primary process in eukaryotic organisms |
| calorie | amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C |
| Calorie | 1,000 calories or 1 kilocalorie (kcal), common unit of energy used in food nutrition labels |
| glycogen | a complex carbohydrate, which is made up of linked chains of glucose molecules. |
| triglycerides | a type of lipid found in fat cells |
| respiration | a process in living organisms involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide |
| anarobic respiration | occurs without oxygen, fermentation takes place |
| fermentation | no citric acid or ETC- instead different reactions take place in cytoplasm and produce lactic acid as a byproduct |
| glycolysis | Occurs in the cytoplasm, series of reactions that breaks down sugar into smaller units (pyruvate)- 2 ATPs |
| citric acid cycle | Series of reactions that helps extract energy (high-energy electrons) from food, NAD+ picks up and transfers electrons, NAD+ molecules bring electrons to folds on the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| NAD + | picks up and transfers electrons, bring electrons to folds on the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| electron transport chain | At the end of the chain, oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to form water. the flow of electrons powers the production of most of the ATP in aerobic respiration. |
| gram-positive | peptidoglycan in the cell wall that retains the Gram stain |
| gram-negative | cell wall layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by lipid membrane that does not retain the Gram stain, prevents penicillin from reaching the peptidoglycan underneath |
Created by:
Ellah1123
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