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Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | The passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| Genetics | The scientific study of heredity |
| Gene | A segment of DNA that codes for a characteristic called a trait |
| Chromosome | Tightly compacted DNA strand. A long chain of genes. Contained in the nucleus of the cell. |
| Traits | The characteristic that an organism has, such as hair color, eye color, height, or skin color. |
| Alleles | Different versions of a gene that produce distinguishable traits in offspring. One allele gets provided by each parent so that the offspring has two alleles for each trait |
| Reproduction | The creation of offspring by parent(s) |
| Sexual Reproduction | The creation of offspring by TWO parents |
| Asexual Reproduction | The creation of offspring by ONE parent |
| Inherited traits | Also called innate traits. These are traits that are passed from parents to offspring in the DNA. Examples include hair color, eye color, and height |
| Learned traits | Also called acquired traits. These are traits that are not passed form parents to offspring and not coded for in the DNA. Examples include ability to read, play a sprot, and write. |
| Gene expression | The process of turning a gene "on" or "off". The process of reading the gene's code and turning it into a functional protein. |
| Viruses | Tiny pathogenic particles. |
| Genome | An organisms complete set of genetic material (DNA). Includes all of the DNA found in a cell of an organism. |
| Homologous Chromosome | Pairs of chromosomes that code for the same genes but can have different alleles. |
| Genotype | The genetic makeup of an organisms. The actual combination of alleles of an organism. |
| Phenotype | The physical appearance or traits of an organism. Determined by genotype |
| Autosomes | A chromosome in an organism that is not a sex chromosome. Chromosomes found in both males and females. |
| Sex Chromosomes | The pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of the organism. |
| X Chromosome | The long sex chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes. Males only have one X chromosome |
| Y chromosome | The short sex chromosomes. Females do not have a Y chromosome. Males have one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome contains a gene called SRY that triggers that development of testicles |
| Karyotyping | The process of taking pictures of the chromosomes, cutting out the chromosomes from the pictures and arranging them by size. |
| Karyotype | The picture produced by karyotyping that shows the chromosomes in pairs and in order. |
| Chromosome abnormality | Occurs when there is an extra, missing, or irregular chromosome. |
| Diploid cells | A cell that contains a full set of chromosomes in its nucleus. Often depicted as "2n". Makes up the body cells. In humans diploid cells have 46 chromosomes |
| Haploid cells | A cell that contains half the number of chromosomes in its nucleus. Often depicted as "n". Makes up the gametes. In humans haploids have 23 chromosomes. |
| Zygote | A fertilized egg cell. Occurs after the fusion of the egg and sperm cells. |
| Embryo | A cluster of cells produced after the zygote goes through meiosis. |
| Differentiation of cells | The process of cells becoming specialized (in shape and function). This causes cells of an embryo to turn into different tissues, organs, and organ systems. |
| Gregor Mendel | Austrian monk, termed the Father of Genetics as he was the first scientists to study how traits are passed form parents to offspring. He created three laws of genetics after studying pea plants. |
| Pistil | The female reproductive part of a flower that produces the egg cells. |
| Stamen | The male reproductive part of a flower that produces the pollen (sperm cells) |
| Pure bred | An organism with homozygous alleles. Alleles that are alike for a particular trait. |
| self-pollinating | Occurs when sperm of a flower fertilizes the egg of the same flower. This occurs because flower's reproductive parts are very close and relatively enclosed. |
| Cross pollination | The process of fertilizing two different plants. To do in a lab, the stamens are cut off of one flower ant then the remaining female structure is dusted with pollen of a different plant. |
| F1 offspring | The offspring produces during the first phase of Mendel's experiments. They were the offspring of two pure bred plants. The offspring were all heterozygous. |
| F2 offspring | The offspring produced during Mendel's 2nd phase of the experiment. They are the offspring of heterozygous parents cross pollinated form the F1 plants. In this offspring Mendel saw the recessive trait reappear. |
| Dominant trait | A trait that is expressed or visible in an organism's phenotype, even when only one copy is present. |
| Recessive trait | A trait that is only expressed or visible in an organism's phenotype when there are two copies present. |
| Law of segregation | Pairs of alleles will separate when gametes are formed. |
| Law of independent assortment | Pairs of alleles will be sorted independently of one another when gametes are formed. |
| Law of dominance and recesive | Traits are dominant and others are recessive. Dominant traits coded for by dominant alleles. Recessive traits coded for by recessive alleles. At least one dominant allele will express dominant trait. Recessive trait needs two recessive alleles. |
| Homozygous Dominant | A gene with two dominant alleles. Will present the dominant trait for its phenotype. |
| Homozygous Recessive | An gene with two recessive alleles. Will present the recessive trait for its phenotype. |
| Homozygous or Pure | An organism that has two of the same kind of alleles for a trait. They can be two dominant alleles or two recessive alleles. |
| Heterozygous or Hybrid | An organism with two different alleles for a trait (Dominant and recessive) . In this case the recessive allele is hidden due to the dominant allele being expressed. |
| Punnett Square | A diagram that helps to determine the probability or likelihood that an offspring will inherit a certain genotype and thus phenotype from two parents. |
| Monohybrid Cross | A Punnett square cross that only crosses one trait or characteristic at a time. Requires 4 boxes. |
| Dihybrid Cross | A Punnett square cross that considered the probability of offspring having two traits at once. Requires 16 boxes. |
| Non-Mendelian Genetics or Non-Mendelian Inheritance | Traits that are not controlled, inherited, or expressed according to Mendel's Laws. Some traits have multiple alleles, some traits are controlled by more than one gene, and some alleles are not fully dominant or recessive. |
| Multiple alleles | A trait controlled by a gene with more than two alleles. Example blood type |
| Polygenic traits | Traits that are the cumulative result of the combined effects of many genes. Example: hair color, eye color, height, skin color. |
| Incomplete dominance | A trait where BOTH alleles are expressed when the organism is heterozygous for a trait. "Blend of traits". Example: Red and white flower reproduce to create a pink heterozygous flower. |
| Codominance | Similar to incomplete dominance. A trait where both alleles are expressed equally without blending. Example: Blood type AB. |
| Sex-linked traits | Traits that are coded on the sex chromosomes. There are important genes on the X chromosome that control non-gender related traits. Males are affected by X-linked genetic disorders (since they only get on), females need both X chromosomes to be effected |
| Pedigrees | A genetic cart that shows how a trait is passed through generations of a family |
| Carrier | A heterozygous female that possesses or "carriers" but does not express a recessive X-linked disorder |
| Mutation | A change or mistake in the nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA |
| Mutagen | A factor that causes a mutation |
| Carcinogen | A factor that causes cancer |
| Point mutation | A mutation caused by a single base substitution that changes a single nucleotide in DNA or RNA |
| Insertion | A mutation caused by the addition of one or more nucleotides in DNA or RNA. This causes a shift in the reading frame and can significantly change the protein by changing ALL the amino acids in the protein product. |
| Deletion | A mutation caused by the removal of one or more nucleotides in DNA or RNA, this also shifts the reading frame. |
| Translocation | A mutation caused by the exchange of genetic parts of nonhomologous chromosomes. |
| Genetic Diseases | Diseases caused by mistakes in the genome |
| Genetic engineering | Changing an organism's genotype using biotechnology |
| Genetically modified food (GMO) | Food items produced by crops or animals that were genetically modified |
| CRISPR | Stands for Cluster Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. It is a technology that allows researchers to modify DNA in living things. |
| Gene Therapy | The process of replacing defective genes with functional copies of the gene. |
| Cloning | The process of creating genetically identical organisms (called clones) |
| Therapeutic cloning (aka stem cell therapy) | Uses a cloned embryo to make embryotic stem cells that can be differentiated into any specialized cell in an organism. |
| Gel electrophoresis | A laboratory procedure that helps scientists compare DNA from different organisms. It separated DNA fragments of each individual by size |
| Restriction enzymes | Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences of nucleotides |
| Agarose gel | A porous, jelly like substance that is used in gel electrophoresis. |
| DNA fingerprinting | |
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