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Inflammation
patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do acute phase proteins do? | facilitate WBC phagocytosis |
| define chemokines | proteins that attract WBCs to the endothelium |
| define chemotaxis | chemical signals that attract WBC’s and platelets |
| What do C-reactive proteins (CRPs) do? | marks foreign material for phagocytosis and activates the compliment system |
| define cytokines | released by WBCs; stimulates the liver to release acute-phase proteins |
| define effusion | accumulation of fluid in a body cavity |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | a blood test that measures how quickly RBCs settle to the bottom of a test tube |
| define eschar | a dry, black or brown crust of dead tissue that forms on the surface of a burn, ulcer, or other wound |
| define debridement | removal of necrotic tissue to promote healing |
| define fibroblast | a type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue |
| what does fibrinogen do? | binds to RBCs and fixes them into stacks that precipitate; ESR |
| what is a Fluke Mode Reaction? | a huge increase in WBCs above 50,000 which can occur in leukemia |
| define granuloma | a tiny cluster of WBCs and other tissues |
| what are interleukins? | proteins that regulate immune responses and inflammation |
| what is a keloid? | a thick, irregular scar that grows beyond the boundaries of an original wound |
| what is a leukemoid reaction? | a severe elevation in WBCs |
| define leukocytosis | making new WBCs |
| define nitrogen balance | the difference between the amount of nitrogen you consume through food (mainly protein) and the amount of nitrogen you lose through urine, sweat, and feces |
| define prostaglandins (PGs) | hormone-like substances that affect several bodily functions; including inflammation, pain, and uterine contractions |
| what is purulent exudate (pus) made up of? | Proteins, microbes, cell debris; White-green discharge |
| pyrogens cause... | fever |
| define stricture | an abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage, like a tube or a canal |
| transduate | watery, clear fluid (blisters) |
| Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha | promotes weight loss and cachexia; facilitates release of pituitary corticotropin and adrenal corticosteroids |
| White blood cell (WBC) differential | measures the amounts of the different types of WBCs |
| Wound dehiscence | when a surgical incision reopens after it has been closed with stitches or staples |
| Wound evisceration | a complication of wound dehiscence where intraabdominal organs herniate through the open wound |
| What are the 3 purposes of inflammation? | 1)keep injury contained 2)prevent spread of injury 3)bring the body's defenses to injury site |
| what goes on during the vascular phase of acute inflammation? | -increases vascular permeability -histamines dilate blood vessels -Fluid, WBCs and platelets travel to injury -toxins are diluted -WBCs phagocytize foreign cells |
| what goes on during the cellular phase of acute inflammation? | -cellular chemotaxis -leukocytosis -margination -diapedesis |
| what goes on during margination? | WBCs line up along the endothelium |
| what goes on during diapedesis? | WBCs squeeze through walls of capillaries and release inflammatory mediators |
| list the 5 signs of inflammation | 1)rubor (redness) 2)tumor (swelling) 3)calor (heat) 4)dolor (pain) 5)function laesa (loss of function) |
| Inflammatory mediators are released from ... and ... to either __________ or __________ inflammation | -injured tissue -immune system cells -promote -resolve |
| what are some examples of inflammatory mediators? | prostaglandins, TNF alpha, interleukins, chemokines |
| what are the 3 lab tests and the results that means the patient has active inflammation occuring? | -elevation of CRP -elevation of ESR -elevation of Fibrinogen |
| what kind of cell starts phagocytosis? | neutrophils |
| what are bands? | immature neutrophils |
| what does an elevation of bands mean? | infection is occuring |
| what are segs? | segmented neutrophils |
| what does a "shift to the left" mean in regards to WBCs? | that there are more bands than segs |
| during a bacterial infection, which WBC would you expect to be elevated? | neutrophils |
| during a viral infection, which WBC would you expect to be elevated? | lymphocytes |
| during a allergic reaction, which WBC would you expect to be elevated? | eosinophils |
| during a chronic infection, which WBC would you expect to be elevated? | basophils |
| what are 7 symptoms a pt may experience during acute inflammation? | -confusion! -fever -anorexia -sleepiness -anemia -weight loss -lymphadenopathy |
| Pyrogens activate _______________ to reset the _____________ ___________-_________ ___________ in the brain to a higher level. | prostaglandins hypothalamic temperature-regulating center |
| To reach a higher temperature for a fever, a pt will experience shivering to... | vasoconstrict the arteries and warm the body up |
| To get back to a normal temperature from a fever, a pt will experience __________ and _________________ | sweating and vasodilation |
| define histamine | an inflammatory mediator released from basophils, platelets, and mast cells. causes symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea, and pharyngeal irritation |
| what are the 2 most common cytokines? | TNF alpha and interleukins |
| what are symptoms that we can see from the release of TNF alpha and interleukins? | -fever -loss of appetite -weight loss -cachexia |
| what are the 2 phases of acute inflammation called? | vascular and cellular |
| what are the 4 possible outcomes of acute inflammation? | -complete resolution -healing by connective tissue -chronic, persistant inflammation -death |
| what are some examples of chronic inflammation? | -tuberculosis -viruses -RA -systemic lupus erythmatosus -multiple sclerosis -atherosclerosis |
| what are the 4 stages of wound healing? | 1)hemostasis (blood clot) 2)inflammation 3)proliferation: collagen and granulation tissue as foundation --> angiogenesis --> epithelialization 4)remodeling: scar tissue |
| define primary intention | clear wound edges; no gap or missing tissue; simple, rapid healing process ex: simple surgical wound |
| define secondary intention | extensive tissue loss and inflammation; gap in tissue; wound contraction and scar formation ex: dog bite |
| define tertiary intervention | missing large amounts of deep tissue and is contaminated; cleaned and left open to drain; prominent scarring ex: tooth abscess |
| what are 6 factors that may inhibit wound healing? | -INFECTION -poor nutrition -infarction/ischemia -being immunocompromised -foreign bodies -age |
| what are the 2 acute phase proteins we talk about? | CRPs and fibrinogen |
| define contracture | a permanent shortening of muscles, tendons, or ligaments, resulting in reduced range of motion and stiffness in a joint |
| abscess | a localized, walled off area of purulent drainage |
Created by:
akgross
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