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NURS 201 Exam 1
Intro to NURS - Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nurse stems from the word "nutrix". What does it mean? | to nourish |
| What are the four roles of a nurse? | to promote, prevent, restore, and facilitate |
| What does it mean for a nurse to facilitate? | A nurse facilitates with coping with disability and death |
| What is the average age of nurses? | 46 |
| What percentage of minorities make up nurses? | 20% |
| What are the four blended competencies through which a nurse practices? | Cognitive, Technical, Interpersonal, Ethical/legal |
| A nurse teaches a nutrition class at a local high school. What role is this nurse playing? | promoting health |
| What two roles are represented by the following: A nurse recommends a yoga class for a busy executive. | Preventing illness and promoting health |
| The history of nursing partly has to do with the influence of ___________. | society |
| When did nursing care shift from home to hospital? And who initiated that change? | in 651 by nuns and monks |
| Which individual is considered the origin of professional nursing? | Florence Nightingale |
| Which war did Florence Nightingale help in as a nurse? | the Crimean War of 1854 |
| What was the mortality rate of the Crimean War? | over 50% from disease |
| What were some of Nightingales accomplishments? | Standards for hospitals, nursing education, maintaining records, publishing books about nursing, etc. |
| What raised the need for nurses in the US? | The Civil War in the 1860s and Urbanization and Industrialization (1880-1920) |
| Who started the American Red Cross? | Clara Barton |
| Who played a major role in helping begin community nursing in the US? | Lillian Wald |
| During which period did 75% of American hospitals not have grad nurses? | The Great Depression (1920) |
| During which war was there a dire need for nurses in the US? | World War II (1942-1946) |
| Which two women made progress in restrictions in nursing opportunities based on race and gender? | Harriet Tubman and Mary Mahony |
| What was the first nurse training school in the US? | Nurse training school of Women's Hospital of Philadelphia (1872) |
| How many nurses were enrolled in the nurse training school of the Women's Hospital of Philadelphia in 1883 versus 1900? | There were 35 in 1883 and 432 in 1900. |
| People without nursing education were paid the same as trained nurses during which time period? | The late 1800s |
| In 1923, what concluded that nurses need to be educated in a university setting and receive national accreditations? | Goldmark Report |
| What directly stated the requirements for a technical nurse versus an entry-level RN? | The 1965 ANA Proposal |
| Which graduate nursing degree is more research focused? | Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP); PhD |
| What are examples of licensure in nursing? | LPN, LVN, RN |
| Name some of national, professional nursing organizations | National League for Nursing American Nurses Association |
| When/where was the National League of Nursing first introduced in the US? | In 1893 at the Columbian Exposition at the Chicago World's Fair |
| What defines the legal scope of nursing practice state by state? | Nurse Practice Acts |
| Licensure for nurses is determined by what? | the National Council Licensure Examination - Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN) |
| What are the three types of knowledge used in nursing? | Traditional Knowledge Authoritative Knowledge Scientific Knowledge |
| The body of knowledge is the _____________ of nursing while the application of that knowledge is the _____________ of nursing/ | science; art |
| What is the Nursing Theory? | a group of concepts that act as a building block of nursing by identifying and defining important concepts in nursing |
| What are two examples of nursing theories? | 1) achieving the ultimate goal of improving patient care 2) understanding common concepts |
| What is the goal of nursing research? | to improve patient outcomes through evidence-based practice |
| "The old way is not always the best way" refers to what? | Evidence Based Practice (EBP) |
| What are the four steps of EBP that lead to better patient outcome? | 1) Formulating a clear clinical question from the patient's problem 2) Search literature for relevant clinical articles 3) Evaluate evidence for its validity and usefulness 4) Implementing useful findings in clinical practice |
| The 4 aims of nursing interrelate to facilitate ____________ _________ and __________ of __________ for patients. | maximal health; quality of life |
| Nursing is a __________ and an _______. | science; art |
| REVIEW: what are the four roles of a nurse? | promoting health, preventing illness, restoring health, and facilitating coping with disability and death |
| What is the definition of health? | the state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| What is the definition of wellness? | an active state of being healthy, including living a lifestyle that promotes good health |
| Morbidity vs Mortality | Morbidity: frequency of disease occurrence Mortality: the number of deaths resulting from disease |
| What is holistic health care? | care that addresses the many dimensions that comprise the whole person |
| What are the 6 components of health? | emotional, physical, intellectual, environmental, spiritual, sociocultural |
| What is the health-illness continuum? | a model that portrays health as a dynamic state, fluctuating between death and high wellness |
| What is the definition of disease? | pathologic changes in structure of function of the body or mind |
| What exactly is illness? | the response of a person to disease |
| What does high wellness mean? | functioning to one's maximum potential |
| What are four of Dunn's processes to help people know who and what they are? | being, belonging, becoming, and befitting |
| Name at least two of the eight conditions in which the US is higher than 16 other affluent nations in (in terms of morbidity). | Infant mortality, homicides, teen pregnancy & STD, HIV, drug-related deaths, obesity & diabetes, heart disease, chronic lung disease |
| What is equity? | equal opportunities for all people |
| What is PCAM and what does it stand for? | standing for patient-centered assessment method, this is a tool nurses use to assists patient complexity by using the social determinants of health |
| What is health protection? | the behavior of a someone who is motivated by a personal desire to increase well-being and health potential |
| Illness Classifications | acute: an immediate, but temporary condition chronic: a slow evolving, long-lasting condition remission: the period of time in which no symptoms of a chronic disease are present exacerbation: the period of time when a chronic disease worsens |
| What is primary health promotion/illness prevention? | no illness, care is directed toward promoting health and preventing development of disease processes or injury through risk assessment and prevention |
| What is secondary health promotion/illness prevention? | illness present, but unknown; care is focused on screening and early detection of disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment |
| What is tertiary health promotion/illness prevention? | the period following the diagnosis or treatment of an illness, with the goal of reducing disability and rehabilitation patients to a max level of function |
| What is an example of primary illness prevention? | immunization clinics |
| What is an example of secondary illness prevention? | mammograms |
| What is an example of tertiary illness prevention? | physical therapy |
| What is a key concept of the health-illness continuum model of health? | that health is a dynamic state |
| A nursing student is participating in a COVID-19 vaccination clinic. This activity represents which level of health promotion and illness prevention? | primary |
| Nursing includes which four aspects? | individual, family, community, and environment |
| What is the order of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs from bottom to top? | 1) Physiological needs 2) Safety needs 3) Love/Belonging 4) Esteem 5) Self-actualization |
| Give an example of physical implications for nursing that apply to an individual patient. | CPR, IV fluids, pain management, catheters, etc. |
| A safe hospital environment is an example of which section on MHoN? | Safety needs |
| What is the family defined? | a group of people who live together and depend on each other for their needs |
| What are the types of family? | 1) nuclear 2) extended 3) blended 4) single-parent 5) cohabitating families |
| What is the community defined? | a group of people in the same geographic area under similar regulations with the bond of sharing interests, needs, and values |
| What is environmental health determined by? | physical, chemical, biologic, and psychosocial factors |
| What is Lillian Wald credited with establishing? | The public health aspects of nursing in the Lower East Side of NYC for the sick and impoverished population |
| Cultural Diversity | coexistence of different ethnic, sex, racial, and socioeconomical groups within one social unit |
| Cultural Respect | being respectful and responsive to the health benefits, practices, and cultural and linguistic needs of the person |
| Intersectionality | categorical and hierarchical classification including, but not limited to race, class, gender, sexuality, and nationality |
| What is the definition of culture? | the shared system of beliefs, values, and behavioral expectations that provide social structure for daily living |
| Nursing is a sub_________ of healthcare. | culture |
| What is cultural assimilation? | when a minority group lives within a dominate group and may lose their cultural characteristics that once made them different and take on the values of the dominate culture |
| Culture Shock | the physical symptoms of discomfort in a new environment |
| Ethnicity vs Race | Ethnicity: the sense of identification with a collective cultural group, largely based on common heritage like social beliefs, language, religion, diet, etc. Race are one's physical characteristics |
| What are the four common health problems for the Native American and Alaskan Native population? | 1) Heart disease 2) Cirrhosis of liver 3) Diabetes mellitus 4) Fetal alcohol syndrome |
| What are the five common health problems for the African American population? | 1) Hypertension 2) Stroke 3) Sickle cell anemia 4) Lactose intolerance 5) Keloids |
| What are the four common health problems for the Asian population? | 1) Hypertension 2) Cancer of the liver 3) Lactose intolerance 4) Thalassemia |
| What are the two common health problems for the Hispanic population? | 1) Diabetes mellitus 2) Lactose intolerance |
| What are the five common health problems for the White population? | 1) Breast cancer 2) Heart disease 3) Hypertension 4) Diabetes mellitus 5) Obesity |
| What are the four common health problems for the Eastern European Jewish population? | 1) Cystic fibrosis 2) Gaucher disease 3) Spinal muscular atrophy 4) Tay-Sachs disease |
| What is an important takeaway when it comes to different reactions to pain in different patients? | Patients have the right to respond to pain in their own manner. |
| What percentage of the US falls below the US poverty line? | 11.% |
| What percentage of ALL children live below the poverty line? | 16.2% |
| Health disparities are common in which populations? | Racial and ethnic minorities, rural areas, woman, children, older adults, disabled |
| What is Linguistic Compliance? | the ability of caregivers/organizations to understand and effectively respond to the linguistic needs of a patient/family |
| Is google translate okay in clinical settings? | No. There must be an attempt to give patient an interpreter |
| To create a safe, equitable environment for all people, which five aspects are key in nursing care? | 1) Assessment 2) Cultural Competence 3) Cultural Humility 4) Self-Reflection 5) Bias Identification |
| Out of the five forms of developing values, which one refers to the allowance of children to develop whatever values they want with little to no guidance? | Laissez-faire |
| What method of value development is occurring in this situation: A daughter achieves straight A's in a school year according to her report card. Her parents give her praise for her hard effort and decide to buy her a new bike. | Reward & punishment |
| What is responsible choice in reference to value development? | the encouragement of children to explore competing values and to weigh their consequences |
| What are the five professional values that are key to nursing and patient care? | 1) Altruism 2) Autonomy 3) Human Dignity 4) Integrity 5) Social Justice |
| Altruism vs Autonomy | Altruism is caring for the welfare/well-being of others outside of oneself. Autonomy is a patient's right to make their own healthcare decisions. |
| What is the difference between ethics and morals? | Ethics are the systematic study of principals of right and wrong conduct. Morals are one's personal standards of right and wrong. |
| What is a Utilitarian approach to ethics? | An utilitarian approach to ethics means that rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action. |
| What is a deontological approach to ethics? | Deontological theories suggest that an action is right or wrong based on a rule, independent of its consequences |
| What are the key principals of the Principle-Based Approach to ethics? | Autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice |
| What are some nursing additions to the principles of the Principle-Based Approach? | Fidelity, veracity, accountability, privacy, and confidentiality |
| What is fidelity? | The act of being faithful to a promise you made to be competent |
| What is veracity? | The act of always being honest and truthful to patients |
| What is the purpose of the Care-Based Approach? | directing attention to the specific situations of individual patients |
| What is an example of an ethical dilemma? | End of life decisions |
| What is moral agent? | the capacity to be ethical and do the ethically right thing for the right reason |
| What are two examples of nursing virtues? | Compassion and courage |
| What is civility? | the act of being kind |
| What is moral distress? | knowing the right thing to do but it is difficult to follow that course of action due to other factors |
| What is moral injury? | a betrayal of what is right by someone who hold legitimate authority |
| What is conscientious objection? | refusing to follow a rule or law due to moral obligations and beliefs (ex: religious views) |
| What are the five steps of ethical decision making? | 1) Assessing the situation 2) Determining the ethical issue 3) Planning an action (ex: ethics community) 4) Implementing your decision 5) Evaluating your decision |
| What does whistle-blowing mean in terms of nursing as a profession? | Nurses who witness unsafe care have a duty to patients to report it |
| When the government is directly involved in law that is known as _________ law. | public |
| Private or Civil law regulates what? | Relationships among people |
| Who makes nursing practice rules? (four answers) | 1) Federal Legislation 2) State Legislation 3) Board of Nursing 4) Healthcare Institution |
| Who establishes the units in which medications are given in? | The specific healthcare institution a nurse works at |
| Who deals with unprofessional conduct of nurses? | The board of nursing |
| The Nurses Practice Act was established by which type of legislation? | State Legislation |
| What is the purpose of the Nurses Practice Act? | Establishing the legal scope of nursing practices state by state. NPA also lists disciplinary actions for untrained or unlicensed people who try to practice nursing . |
| What are the three types of credentialing? | Accreditation, licensure, and certification |
| What does it mean if an education program is evaluated and recognized as having met certain standards? | That educational program is accredited. |
| What is a crime? | A violation punishable by the state |
| What is tort? | The intentional or unintentional act of wrongdoing |
| True or false: Tort can't be a crime. | False |
| What is the difference between assault and battery? | Assault is a threat or attempt to make bodily contact with someone. Battery is when someone makes willful, angry, or negligent physical contact with someone. |
| Fraud vs Defamation | Fraud is the willful misrepresentation that can cause harm or loss to a person or property. Defamation is when one makes derogatory remarks about another that diminishes the other party's reputation. |
| What prevents the invasion of patient privacy in healthcare? | HIPAA guidelines (Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act) |
| What are two types of unintentional torts? | Negligence and Malpractice |
| Negligence vs Malpractice | Negligence: performing an act that a reasonably prudent person would not do under similar circumstances Malpractice: professional negligence that results from not doing something correctly (ex: failure to document care) |
| List several common malpractice allegations | Failure to follow standards of care, failure to assess and monitor patient, and failure to communicate to patient or provider |
| What are the five requirements to prove negligence? | 1) A duty defined by standard of care 2) A failure to meet standard 3) Awareness of harmful outcome from not performing duty 4) Lack of duty results in harm 5) Harm occurs |
| In terms of malpractice litigation, the nurse can serve as which three roles? | 1) Defendant 2) Fact Witness 3) Expert Witness |
| Fact Witness vs Expert Witness (in terms of nursing) | Fact Witness is when a nurse provides their testimony only on firsthand knowledge of the incident, not assumptions. Expert Witness is when a nurse explains to a judge/jury what happened based on records and offer an explanation/opinion on care provided |
| How has the Joint Commission contributed to improving documentation of patient care? | The Joint Commission has created a list of "do not use" abbreviations that should not be used in documentation |
| What percentage of nurses may be impaired or in recovery from alcohol/drug use disorder? | 10% |
| Nurse Fatigue vs Impaired Nurse | Nurse fatigue is when decision making is impaired due to exhaustion. Impaired nursing occurs when a nurse has a behavior change due to drug/alcohol use |
| Who contributes to collective bargaining for nurses? | State nursing associations and unions |
| What are the three types of behavior that lead to errors in the work place? | 1) Human error: unintentional w/out malicious intent 2) At-risk behavior: cutting corners 3) Reckless behavior: disregarding all safety measures |
| What are the two types of events involved in incident reporting? | Sentinel Events: an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious injury that requires immediate investigation and response Never Event: extremely rare medical errors that should never happen to a patient |
| What are the four inclusions for documentation of care? | 1) Nature of the problem 2) How you intervened 3) Patient's response 4) Future priorities for care |
| What is the purpose of the Good Samaritan Law? | to protect healthcare workers from legal harm when they give aid to people in an emergency situation |
| What is student liability? | Nurse students are responsible for their own actions and are held to the same standards as an RN |
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