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Microbio: 1
Phylogenic Tree, Gram Staining, Scientists, Etc.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Rosalind Elsie Franklin | contributed to discovery of DNA structure (1920-1958) |
| Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek | First discovery of protozoa (1674) & Bacteria (1676) |
| Microbes | <100 micrometers (bugs, germs, viruses, protozoan, Bacteria, and animalcules) |
| Carolus Linnaeus | Created naming system for organisms (Taxonomic System) |
| Taxonomic System | Based off Genus species (initial of Genus + specific epithet) 7 basic groups: Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, protozoa, Algae, Small multicellular animals, Virus |
| Bacteria | Prokaryotes -w/ Pepitdoglycan cell walls -reproduces through Binary Fission -energy uses organic/inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis |
| Archaea | Prokaryotes -w/ lack peptidoglycan -live in extreme environments Ex: Methanogens, Extreme halophiles/thermophiles |
| Fungi | Eukaryotes -Chemoheterotrophic - Chitlin cell walls - Reproduce both sexually (fusing + & - haploid hyphae spores) & asexually (budding) Multicellular: Molds & Mushrooms (made of mycelia<- hyphae filaments) Unicellular: Yeasts |
| Protozoa | Eukaryotes - Consumes organic chemicals - Some reproduce sexually (gametes/conjugation) & asexually (binary fission/schizogony) - motile via cilia/flagella/pseudopods |
| Algae | Eukaryotes - Cellulose cell walls - Reproduces both sexually (gamete) fusion & asexually (binary fission) - Photosynthesis 4 energy - Produces molecular oxygen/organic compounds |
| Virus | Acellular - DNA or RNA core, surrounded by a protein coat - Coat may have a lipid envelope - Viruses reproduces only within living host's cells |
| Spontaneous Generation | Theory that microorganisms appear due to God and religious belief |
| Redi's experiment | Disproved spontaneous generation through jars of steak tested for air exposure |
| Needham's experiment | Experimented microorganism existence in vials of gravy. They were burned (sterilized) & observed to see if it grew a biome over time |
| Spallanzi's experiment | Sealed vials that were tested for growth, some grew microorganisms due to improper sealing... Disproved spontaneous generation; all living things arise from other living things. |
| Koch's Postulates | 1)Agent found in every case of disease, absent from healthy hosts. 2) Agent isolated, grown outside host. 3) Introduce to healthy host; host gets disease. 4) Same agent found in diseased experimental host. |
| Koch | Famous scientist responsible for studying Bacillus anthracis (causes anthrax) & also developed Koch's Postulates |
| Semmelweis | Physician who implemented hand washing in hospital setting |
| Lister | Developed an antiseptic technique that used phenols to clean instruments before it was used in surgery |
| Nightingale | A nurse who provided aseptic wound care for soldiers |
| John Snow | Contributed towards Epidemiology - The founder of contact tracing and found Cholera in drinking water in England. |
| Edward Jenner | Founder of immunology and developed vaccines |
| Prokaryotes | - Lack Nucleus (can read DNA & make protein simultaneously) - Lack various internal phospholipid membrane bound structures - typically ≤ 1.0 micrometers in diameter. Composed of: bacteria & archaea |
| Eukaryotes | - Nucleus - Internal membrane-bound organelles - Most have DNA packaged as chromosomes in nucleus - larger than prokaryotes (10-100 micrometers in diameter) - More complex structure Composed of: Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, Animals & Plants |
| Glycocalyses (sweet cups) | - Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of cell - Protects cells from dying - Helps pathogens survive/cause disease - Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides |
| Capsule Glycocalyces | - Organized repeating units of organic chemicals - Firmly attached to cell surface - May prevent bacteria from being recognized by host |
| Slime Layer Glycocalyces | - Loosely attached to cell surface - Water-soluble - Sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces |
| Flagella | - Responsible for movement (like cilia) - Long structures that extend beyond cell surface - NOT PRESENT on all bacteria - Composed of a filament, hook and basal body (which anchors the filament and hook to cell wall) |
| Endoflagella | - Spirochetes have this (unique) - Endo = inside - forms axial filaments on both sides of the spirochete |
| Functions of Flagella | - Rotation propels bacterium thru movement (clockwise/counter-clockwise) - Bacteria moves in response to stimuli (Clockwise-Tumbles;Counter clockwise-Runs) |
| Fimbriae | - Sticky, bristlelike projections - Used by bacteria to adhere one another and to substances - Helps w/ biofilm structure - Shorter than Flagella |
| Pili | - Unique fimbriae (aka Conjugation pili) - Bacteria typically only one or two per cell - Transfers DNA from one cell to another (conjugation) NOT sexual reproduction! |
| Bacterial Cell Walls | - Made of peptidoglycan - 2 Basic types: Gram-positive & Gram-negative - Provides structure and shape to protect cell - Assists in attaching to other cells or resisting antimicrobial drugs |
| NAG & NAM | - Special sugars only found in peptidoglycan cell walls - NAM are linked by polypeptides with other NAM sugars |
| Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Walls | - Thick layer of peptidoglycan - has Teichoic Acids & Lipoteichoic acids (purple) - stains PURPLE from gram-staining - Up to 60% mycolic acid that helps bacteria survive dedication (drying out) |
| Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls | - Thin layer of peptidoglycan - Bilayer membrane outside peptidoglycan (phospholipids, proteins, and lipolysaccharides) - Can impede treatment of disease - stains PINK fro gram-staining |
| Bacteria w/o Cell Walls | - Often mistaken for viruses due to small size and a lack of cell wall - Have other features instead (such as ribosomes) |
| Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane | Structure: Phospholipid bilayer - Composed of lipids and associated proteins (inside-Integral proteins;outside-Peripheral proteins) - Fluid movement Function: Selective permeability for substances to cross membrane |
| Resting Potential | Positively charged ions outside, negative charged ions inside |
| Passive processes | Ex: Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis |
| Isotonic solution on cell | - Cells immersed in a solution of SAME concentration as cell |
| Hypertonic solution on cell | - Cells immersed in a solution with more solute outside SHRINKS cell |
| Hypotonic solution on cell | - Cells immersed in a solution w/ lower concentration than the water in cell SWELLS cell |
| Active processes | Ex: Active transport & Group translocation |
| Cytosol | - Within liquid portion of bacterial cytoplasm - Mostly water - Contains cell's DNA in region called nucleoid |
| Endospores | - Unique to bacteria (transformed vegetative cells when nutrients are limited) - Can only grow, and are produced when exposed to unfavorable conditions - Help bacteria survive extreme conditions NOT a form of reproduction! |
| Prokaryotic ribosomes | - Nonmembranous organelle in bacteria - Sites of protein synthesis - composed of polypeptides and ribosomal RNA - 70s ribosomes |
| Cytoskeleton | - Nonmembranous organelle in bacteria - Composed of three/four types of protein fibers - Plays multiple roles |
| Lipid A | - Causes fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting - Found in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) |
| Hami | - Fimbria-like structures found in Archaea - Function to attach Archaea to surfaces |
| Archaea cell walls | - Most have them (no peptidoglycan!) - Contains variety of specialized polysaccharides & proteins |
| Archaea Cytoplasmic membranes | - All contain one - Maintain electrical and chemical gradients - Control import/export of substances from cell |
| Archae vs. Bacteria | Similarities: - 70s Ribosomes - Fibrous cytoskeleton - Circular DNA Differences: - ribosomal proteins - metabolic enzymes that make RNA - genetic code |
| Plant cell walls | - Cell wall composed of cellulose |
| Fungi cell walls | - Cell wall composed of chitin |
| Algae cell Walls | - Cell walls composed of a variety of polysaccharides |
| Eukaryotic Cytoplasmic membranes | (Ex: Algae, Protozoa, Fungi) - contain steroid lipids (cholesterol) to help maintain fluidity - controls movement in and out of cell |
| Eukaryotic Flagella | - Within the Cytoplasmic membrane - Shaft composed of tubulin arranged to form microtubules - Filaments are anchored to cell by basal body; no hook - Whiplash movement |
| Cilia | - found in Eukaryotes - form of movement |
| Eukaryotic Ribosomes | - 80s RIbosomes (composed of 60s and 40s subunits) |
| Centrioles and Centrosomes | - mitosis, cytokinesis and formation of Flagella/cilia - the region of cytoplasm where centrioles are found |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | - Functions as transport system - Two forms : Smooth and Rough |
| Golgi Body | - Receives & processes large molecules for export |
| Lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, and vesicles | - Store & transfer chemicals within cells - May store nutrients |
| Lysosomes | - Contain catabolic enzymes - breaks down peptidoglycan walls of foreigners in tears |
| Peroxisomes | - Contain enzymes that degrade poisonous wastes |
| Mitochondria | - Two membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer - Produce cell's ATP |
| Chloropolast | - Light-harvesting structures found in photosynthetic eukaryotes - Have 2 phospholipidd bilayer membranes & DNA |
| Prokaryotic Shapes | - Cocci: circular - Coccobacillus: raggedy circular - Bacilli: Rough ovular - Vibrio: Skinny & long - Spirillum: Gummy-worm - Spirochete: Linked chains - Pleomorphic: Blend of various shapes - Star: Star.... |
| Prokaryotic Reproduction | - Asexual (Binary Fission, snapping division, budding) |
| Vivparity | - Form of reproduction - Live offspring emerge from body of dead mother cell |
| Prokaryotic Classification | Three Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
| Archaea | - Lack peptidoglycan - AUG codon codes methionine - Reproduce asexually (Binary fission, budding, fragmentation) - Cocci, Bacilli, Spirals, or Pleomorphic - Not known to cause disease |
| Extremophiles | - Req. extreme conditions to survive (temp, pH, salinity) - Ex: thermophiles & halophiles |
| Thermophiles | - Does not function properly below 45 c* - Hyperthermophiles req. over 80 c* - Ex: Geogemma & Pyrodictium |
| Halophiles | - Live in extremely saline habitats - Depend on greater than 9% NaCl for cell wall integrity - Contain red/orange pigments - Most studied: Halobacterium salinarum |
| Methanogens | - Largest group of archaea - Converts carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, and organic acids into methane gas - Converts organic wastes to methane Applicational use: sewage treatment |
| Bacteria | - Most similar to earliest bacteria - Autotrophic |
| Aquifex | - Type of Bacteria - Represents earliest branch of bacteria |
| Deinococcus | - Type of Bacteria - Outer membrane similar to Gram-negatives, BUT stains Gram-positive (purple) |
| Phototrophic Bacteria | - Phototrophs (contain photsynthetic lamellae) - Most are autotrophic - Divided into 5 groups based on pigments: Blue-green, Green sulfur, Green nonsulfur, Purple sulfur, Purple nonsulfur |
| Cyanobacteria | - Gram-negative (stains PINK) - Phototrophs |
| Clostridia | - Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria - Rod-shaped - Obligate anaerobes - Form endospores - Important in medicine and industry |
| Mycoplasmas | - Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria - Facultative/obligate anaerobes - colonizes mucous membranes of respiratory & urinary tracts |
| Bacillus | - Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria - Form endospores - **Bacillus Thuringiensis (toxin used as insecticide) - **Bacillus anthracis (causes anthrax) |
| Listeria | - Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria - Contaminates milk and meat - Can cross placenta in pregnant women |
| Lactobacillus | - Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria - Grows in body but rarely causes disease - Production of various foods (fermented dairy; ex: yogurt) |
| Streptococcus & Enterococcus | - Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria - causes numerous diseases - various strains of multi-drug resistant streptococci |
| Staphylococcus | - Low G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria - one of most common human inhabitants - produces toxins & enzymes contributing to disease |
| Corynebacterium | - High G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria - Pleomorphic aerobes & facultative anaerobes - Produces metachromatic granules |
| Mycobacterium | - High G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria - Aerobic rods (sometimes form filaments) - Slow growth due to mycolic acid in cell walls |
| Actinomycetes | - High G+C Gram-Positive Bacteria - Form branching filaments resembling fungi - Important genera: Actinomyces, Nocardia, Streptomyces |
| Gram-Negative Proteobacteria | - Largest/most diverse class of bacteria - Six classes of proteobacteria (alpha, beta, gamma, Delta, epsilon, zeta) |
| Alphaproteobacteria | - Gram-Negative - Nitrogen fixers (grow w/ roots of plants) - 2 Genera important to agriculte: Azospirillum & Rhizobium - Pathogenic: Rickettsia** (bite of arthropod) & Brucella** (brucellosis) |
| Nitrifying bacteria | - Gram-Negative - Important in the environment & agriculture (ex: Nitrobacter) |
| Purple nonsulfur photorophs | - Gram-Negative - Grow at bottom of lakes & ponds |
| Betaproteobacteria | - Gram-Negative - Pathogenic: Neisseria** (inhabits mucous membranes of mammals), Bordetella** (Pertrussis), Burkholderia** (colonizes moist environment surfaces & respiratory passages of cystic fibrosis patients) |
| Gammaproteobacteria | - Gram-Negative - Largest, most diverse class of proetobacteria (purple sulfur bacteria, intracellular pathogens, methane oxidizers, glycolytic facultative anaerobes, pseudomonads) |
| Intracellular pathogens | - Gram-Negative (Gammaproteobacteria subgroup) - Legionella** (Legionnaire's disease) & Coxiella** (Q fever) |
| Methane oxidizers | - Gram-Negative (Gammaproteobacteria subgroup) - Uses methane as a carbon/energy source - Inhabit anaerobic (no oxygen) environments |
| Glycolytic facultative anaerobes | - Gram-Negative (Gammaproteobacteria subgroup) - Catabolizes carbohydrates by glycolysis (glucose breakdown) - Divided into 3 families |
| Pseudomonads | - Gram-Negative (Gammaproteobacteria subgroup) - Break down numerous organic compounds - Important pathogens of humans & animals (cause urinary tract, ear, and lung infections) Ex: Azotobacter & Azomonas |
| Epsilonproteobacteria | - Gram-Negative - Campylobacter** (diarrhea) - Heliobacter** (stomach ulcers) |
| Zetaproteobacteria | - Gram-Negative - First discovered based on DNA sequences - Dna is common in oceans - Mariprofundus ferooxydans ONLY species to be formally named |
| Chlamydias | - Gram-Negative - Grow intracellularly in mammals, birds & some invertrebrates - Some are smaller than viruses - Common sexually transmitted bacteria |
| Spirochetes | - Gram-Negative - Motile bacteria that move in corkscrew motion - Diverse metabolism/habitat - Trepenoma** (syphyllis; infects mucous environments) - Borrelia** (Lyme disease; tick bites) |
| Bacteroids | - Gram-Negative - 2 important genera: Bacteroides & Cytophaga |
| Bacteroides | - Gram-Negative (Bacteroid class) - inhabits digestive tracks of humans & animals - some cause infection |
| Cytophaga | - Gram-Negative (Bacteroid class) - Aquatic, gliding bacteria - Important to raw sewage degradation |
| Nuclear Division | - When nucleus has one/two complete copies of genome (haploid:single-copy;diploid;two-copies) - 2 types: Mitosis & Meiosis |
| Mitosis | - A form of Nuclear Division - replicate DNA equally between two nuclei from cell partition - four phases: PMAT |
| Meiosis | - A form of Nuclear Division - Partitions chromatids into four nuclei (diploid nuclei produces haploid daughter nuclei) - 2 stages/4 phases: PMAT I & PMAT II |
| Protozoa (Eukarya classification) | - Eukaryotic - chemoheterotrophic (Dinoflagellates & euglenoids: photoaurotrophic) - Unicellular - Lack a cell wall - Motile via cilia,flagella and/or pseudopods (except subgroup: apicomplexans) |
| Distribution of Protozoa | - Req. moist environments - Most live in ponds, streams, lakes & oceans (others in moist soil, beach sand & decaying organics) - very few are pathogens |
| Morphology of Protozoa | - Some have two nuclei (macronucleus & micronucleus) - Variety in number and kinds of mitochondria - Diff. stages in life cycle: Motile feeding stage (trophozoite) & Resting stage (cyst) |
| Parabasala | - Class of Protozoa - Lack mitochondria - Have a single nucleus - Contain para basal body (golgi-body like structure) - Trichomonas** (Trichomoniasis; STI) |
| Diplomonadida | - Class of Protozoa - Lack mitochondria, Golgi bodies and peroxisomes - Two equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella - Giardia** (Giardisis; Intestinal infection) |
| Euglenozoa | - Class of Protozoa - Plant & animal characteristics - Flagella w/ crystalline rod - Mitochondria w/ disk-shaped cristae |
| Euglenids | - Class of Protozoa (Euglenozoa subgroup) - Photoautotrophic - Unicellular microbes w/ chloroplasts - Store foods as polysaccharides (paramylon) |
| Kinetoplastids | - Class of Protozoa (Euglenozoa subgroup) - Kinetoplast (mitochondrial DNA region) - Trypanosoma** (Human African trypanosomiasis; sleeping sickness) - Leishmania** (skin lesions & ulcers) |
| Alveolata | - Class of Protozoa - Alveoli (membrane-bound cavities) |
| Ciliates | - Class of Protozoa (Alveolata subgroup) - Use cilia to move - Chemoheterotrophic - 2 nuclei - Balantidium** (balantidiasis) |
| Apicomplexans | - Class of Protozoa (Alveolata subgroup) - Chemoheterotrophic - Pathogens of animals - Plasmodium** (Malaria; Mosquito bite) - Cryptosporidium** (Respiratory & gastrointestinal illnesses) - Toxoplasma** (Toxoplasmosis) |
| Dinoflagellates | - Class of Protozoa (Alveolata subgroup) - Unicellular microbes w/ photsynthetic pigments - Motile = two flagella - Many are bioluminescent - Abundance in marine water causes red tides - Some produce neurotoxins |
| Rhizaria | - Class of Protozoa - Amoebas that move & feed w/ pseudopods - Amoebas w/ threadlike pseudopods |
| Foraminifera | - Class of Protozoa (Rhizaria subgroup) - Often live attached to ocean floor - Most are fossil species |
| Radiolaria | - Class of Protozoa ( Rhizaria subgroup) - Have ornate shells of silica - Live as part of marine plankton |
| Amoebozoa | - Class of Protozoa - Amoebas w/ lobe-shaped pseudopods + no shells - Naegleria** (brain-eating) - Acanthamoeba** (Achanthamoeba keratisis) - Entamoeba** (Amebiasis; Intestinal illness) |
| Slime molds | - Class of Protozoa (Amoebozoa subgroup) - 2 types: Plasmodial & cellular |
| Significance of Fungi | - Decompose dead organisms & recycles their nutrients - Produces antibiotics & other drugs - 30% cause disease to plants, animals, and humans |
| Morphology of Fungi | - Two basic body shapes: Molds (composed of hyphae) & Yeasts (composed of a single cell) - Some are dimorphic (produce both yeast/moldlike shapes) + subject to change in response to environment |
| Nutrition of Fungi | - Acquire nutrients by absorption - Most are saprobes ( lives on decaying matter) - Most are aerobic (many yeasts are faculatative anaerobes) |
| Reproduction of Fungi | - All have some means of asexual reproduction involving mitosis & cytokinesis - Most reproduce sexually Asexual: Budding & asexual spore formation Sexual: Fungal spores with mating types of "plus" & "minus" |
| Zygomycota (conjugated fungi) | - Class of Fungi - 1100 known species - Most are saprobes (others are obligate parasites of insects/other fungi) - Reproduce ASEXUALLY via sporangiospore |
| Microsporidia | - Class of Fungi (Zygomycota subgroup) - Obligate intracellular parasites - Spread as small, resistant spores |
| Ascomycota (sac fungi) | - Class of Fungi - 32,000 known species - Form ascospores in sacs called asci* (spores formed after sexual rep.) - reproduce ASEXUALLY by condiospores - Many are beneficial (Penicillum & Saccharomyces) |
| Basidiomycota (club fungi) | - Class of Fungi - 22,000 known species - Basidiocarps fruiting bodies that produces spores) - affect humans in many ways (decomposers that return nutrients to soil, produce hallucinatory chemicals, etc.) |
| Lichens | - Class of Fungi (fungi + algae) - Symbiotic relationship: Algae makes own food, fungi feeds off it - Three basic shapes: foliose, crustose, fruticose - Creates soil from weathered rocks, eaten, etc. |
| Distribution of Algae | - Most are aquatic (live in photic zone of bodies of water) - Have accessory photosynthetic pigments that trap energy of short-wavelength light |
| Morphology of Algae | - Have differing morphologies (unicellular, colonial, simple multicellular bodies, etc.) |
| Reproduction of Algae | Unicellular Algae: Asexual (mitosis + cytokinesis) & Sexual (gametes form zygotes + meiosis) Multicellular Algae: Asexual (fragmentation) & Sexual (alternation of generations) |
| Euglenozoa (Algae) | Photsynthetic pigment: Chlorophyll A & B Cell Wall: None (Pellicle) Cell morphology: variable, elongated Food storage: Paramylon (LPS) |
| Chlorophyta/Chloroplastida | Photsynthetic pigment: Chl.A & B Cell Wall: Cellulose Cell morphology: Varied Food storage: Starch |
| Chlorophyta/Chlorplastida | Photsynthetic pigment: Chl. A & B Cell Wall: Cellulose Cell morphology: Filamentous Food storage: Starch |
| Parasitic Helminths (Vectors) | Eukaryotes - Parasitic worms (microscopic stages) - Arthropod vectors (animals that carry pathogens: mechanical/biological vectors) ex: Ticks/fleas/mosquitos/etc. - Disease vectors belong to two classes (Arachnida & Insecta) |
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