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Ch. 16
Moving and Positioning Patients
| What a | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dorsiflexion | When lying in the supine position, the patient's ankles should be flexed approximately 90 degrees so that the toes point to the ceiling |
| Footdrop | Permanent plantar flexion of the foot |
| Fowler's postion | Semi sitting with head elevated and knees slightly elevated |
| Lateral position | ling on the right or eft side to relieve pressure on the back and on h sacral and coccygeal areas |
| Logroll | turning a patients body as one unit after the patient has had a spinal injury or spinal surgery |
| Orthopneic position | sitting upright with the head of the bed elevated 90 degrees or sitting on the side of the bed with ones feet flat on the floor |
| What are the complications of immobility? | -blood clots -pneumonia -bone demineralization -kidney stones -constipation -pressure injuries -urinary retention -depression -contractures |
| Bone demineralization | Action of loss of mineral salts in the bone |
| Orthostatic hypotension | decrease in blood pressure that occurs when a patient changes from a reclining or flat position to an upright position |
| Plantar flexion | pointing feet downward |
| Position of function | placement of the extremities in an alignment to maintain the potential for their use and movement |
| Prone position | lying on ones stomach with the head turned to the side |
| Semi fowlers position | position where the head of the bed is elevated 45 degrees |
| Shearing | skin layer is puled across the muscle and bone in one direction while the skin slides over another surface (usually bed sheet) |
| Semi prone position | Lying on the left or right side with the leg opposite to the side laying on flexed and drawn up to the chest |
| Supine position | Lying on ones back |
| Syncope | fainting |
| Transfer | the movement of a patient from one place to another in a way that is safe for both the patient and heath care personnel |
| Trochanter roll | a rolled towel of cylindrical device placed snugly against the lateral part of the p.t. thigh to prevent the leg from rotating outward |
| Effects of immobility on musculoskeletal system | decreased muscle strength and mass brittle and weak bones from lack of calcium shortening and tightening of connective tissue |
| Complications of immobility on musculoskeletal system | Muscle atrophy footdrop contractures osteoporosis |
| Effects of immobility on cardiovascular system | decreased cardiac output increased cardiac workload pooling of blood in extremities |
| Cardiac output | the volume of blood pumped from the heart in 1 minute. the average adult heart pumps approximately 5 liters per minute |
| Complication of immobility of cardiovascular system | orthostatic hypotension blood clots embolus |
| Effects of immobility on respiratory system | decreased respiratory strength decreased lung expansion impaired O2 and CO2 exchange pooling of respiratory secretions |
| Complications of immobility on respiratory system | Atelectasis Hypoxemia hypostatic pneumonia |
| Atelectasis | incomplete expansion the collapse of lung tissue affecting part or all of the lung that can occur because of the inability of the lung to fully expand |
| Hypoxemia | deficient oxygen to the blood |
| hypostatic pneumonia | a type of lung infection that occurs when a patient is immobile. Secretions pool in the lungs, and the warm, dark, moist environment is ideal for bacterial growth, resulting in an infection. |
| Effects of immobility on gastrointestinal system | decreased peristalsis decreased appetite increased intestinal gas |
| Peristalsis | Rhythmic, wavelike movements that begin in the esophagus and continue to the rectum to propel a bolus of food through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. |
| Complications of immobility on gastrointestinal system | constipation flatulence distention |
| Distention | The stretching out of intestinal walls that accommodates fecal material as it moves through the sigmoid colon into the rectum, eventually leading to the defecation reflex |
| Effects of immobility on urinary system | incomplete emptying of bladder pooling of urine in renal pelvis increased calcium in blood to be filtered by kidney |
| Complications of immobility on urinary system | UTIs Renal calculi |
| Renal calculi | |
| Effects of immobility on integumentary system | decreased O2 and nutrients to tissues capillaries and skin compressed by bed and bony prominences |
| Bony Prominences | areas on the body where bones are close to the skin's surface Ex. Heels, Elbows, Knees, Hips, Shoulder blades, and Tailbone |
| Complications of immobility on integumentary system | pressure injuries |
| Effects of immobility on neurological system | decreased O2 blood circulating to nerves trapped between bed and bone decrease in normal cues and activities decreased balance when initially out of bed |
| Complications of immobility on neurological system | Compression neuropathy impaired level of consciousness confusion |
| Psychological complications of immobility | depression anxiety impaired sleep |
| Psychological effects of immobility | decrease in normal social interaction decrease in independent activity |
| Muscle atrophy | muscle decreased in size, tone and strength as a result of disuse |
| How many days of immobility before structural and functional changes start to occur? | 4-6 days |
| Contracture | Shortening of muscles as a result of disuse |
| Osteoporosis | Condition of the bone passageway that results in loss of bone minerals |
| How many days of immobility before bone demineralization can occur? | 2-3 days |
| Why are patients on bedrest at a higher risk for kidney stones? | Bedrest causes bone demineralization and as calcium leaves the bone, excess calcium enters the blood stream to be filtered out by the kidneys |
| What is the most basic way to prevent musculoskeletal complications? | Maintain proper body alignment. Keep the head, trunk, and hips positioned in a straight line |
| Range-of-motion (ROM) Exercises | A series of activities designed to move each joint through all of its actions to decrease risk of muscle atrophy and contractures |
| Active ROM exercises | exercises performed by the patient with physical nursing assistance |
| Passive ROM Exercises | exercises are done with the nurse performing the exercising of the patients joints while providing proper support to the patients extremity |
| Venous stasis | A condition where that causes 50% reduction of blood flow in lower etremeties, tpyically the legs |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Stroke |
| pulmonary embolus | embolus blockage in the lungs |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | Embolus blockage in the heart |
| Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | a clot that develops in the deep veins on the legs |
Created by:
kyebula
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