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Bio 111 Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Controlled Experiment | Independent variable is manipulated, typically a lab setting |
| Comparative Experiment | Observing and comparing a phenomena. Assume there's a difference, and you can't control the variables |
| Proximate Causes | "How" or mechanistic questions. Ex what is the genetic variation and biochemical pathways that lead to the variation you observe |
| Ultimate Causes | The "why" questions. Ex how did mutation, natural selection, and evolution bring about one behavior |
| Hard Science | Scientific fields which have quantifiable more precise data. Rely heavily on controlled experiments ex chemistry, biology, physics |
| Soft Science | Difficult to quantify data, tend to be historical and concerned with cause and effect. Ex psychology sociology |
| Science | Science is falsifiable. Can be proven wrong with evidence and is different from religion and art |
| Carolus Linnaeus | Every species has to have one specimen that represents that species. Introduced binomial system of nomenclature (genus and species) |
| Uniformitarianism | The theory that changes in the Earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes. These slow processes explain large scale effects and suggests that the Erath is very old and dynamic not static |
| Homology | Similarity due to common decent, variations on one theme ex. an arm, occurred over time, NOT de nov design |
| Developmental Biology | Examining embryos and their reladtedness |
| Artificial Selection | Traits are pulled out by breeders from the variation, variation is there are some of it has to be heritable |
| Model of evolutionary change | Decent with modification, natural selection, genetic drift, speciation, extinction |
| Paralogous | Features came from gene duplication event and over time |
| Vestigial Structures | Body parts that are remnants of evolution and no longer serve a purpose |
| Pseudogenes | Have stop codon in middle of it, no longer makes proteins, non functional gene |
| Homology of gene order | The arrangement of genes on a chromosome in different organisms, can be similar due to shared acestory |
| Gradualism | Differences among organisms evolve by innumerable small steps through intermediary forms. Occurs in very small steps, differences should be difficult to tell apart since they all diverged from one common thing |
| Population Speciation | Evolution occurs by changes in the proportion of individuals different characteristics |
| Natural Selection | Changes among individuals in the populations (not species) are responsible for evolution |
| Critical Thermal Minimum | Coldest an organism can survive, any colder and the organism dies |
| Phenotype | External expression of a gene |
| Genotype | Unique sequence of DNA a person inherited for a particular gene |
| Consequences of Natural Selection | Differences in future generations and population divergence (new species can arrise) |
| Sexual Selection | Due to differences in investment, selection favors physiological, behavioral, and morphological features in the sexes |
| Fitness | Amount of your offspring that go on to reproduce |
| Isogamy | Same size gamete ex. yeast |
| Anisogamy | Female sex cells are bigger than males |
| The basic Dichotomy | Males: Sperm is cheap, limited in ability to find mates, not lack of sperm Females: Eggs are expensive, mates are easier to find, limited in number of eggs, not by access to mates |
| Intresexual Selection | Selection within one sex usually males competing with each other to find mate |
| Intersexual Selection | Females competing with each other to select mates |
| Consequences of sexual selection | Variance in size, color, other traits |
| Sex role reversal (giant water bug) | Females compete for mate, males are very selective, males takes care of offspring |
| Natural Selection Fighting Sexual Selection | Sometimes the two selections can oppose each other. Environmental changes can favor individuals within the population who don't possess the preferred qualities for sexual selection. Ex the lizards and El Nino |
| Cooperation (mutualism) | Fitness gains for both participants |
| Altruism | Instigator pays fitness cost, recipient pays cost |
| Selfishness | Instigator gains benefit, other individual pays cost |
| Spite | Both individuals suffer a fitness cost |
| Kin Selection | Individual's behaviors affects the fitness of others, usually relatives |
| Direct Fitness | Through personal reproductive success |
| Indirect Fitness | Through reproductive success of relatives |
| How Mutations Arise | Copying error (DNA polymerase makes 1 error per 10,000 base pairs ) |
| Stratagies to Redice Copy Error | Proofreading enzymes |
| Standing genetic variation | Variation that's in populations that is not occurring due to mutations |
| Population genetics | Have quantitative trait (most common type of trait controlled by many genes) and qualitative traits (easy to study but rare ex being pregnant) |
| Allele | Variant of gene |
| Allele Frequency | Frequencies add up to 1 |
| Gene Pool | Distribution of genes that should be alleles within population |
| Population | A group of individuals of the same species living and interbreeding within a given area |
| Hardy Weinberg requirements | Random mating, extremely large population size, No gene flow, selection or mutation. Conditions are hardly met in nature |
| Hardy Weinberg Fails | Genotypes differ from 1:2:1 ratio, If there is no independent assortment, Alleles and genotype frequencies remain unchanged through time (no evolution), homozygotes are very rare |
| Idiopathic Diseases | Incredibly rare genetic diseases |
| Violations of Hardy Weinberg | Codominance, non random mating, Interbreeding, Genetic drift |
| Bottleneck Effect | Large populations that suddenly go through a period of time where there's very few individuals in the population |
| Founder Effect | Populations are started by very few individuals and will only have a subset of genetic variation of the original population |
| Genetic Drift | Random changes in allele frequencies due to sampling effects, effects are greatest in small populations |
| Cladogenesis | The branching of evolutionary lineages |
| Anagenesis | The gradual change within a lineage not speciated but change due to conditional change |
| Biological Species Concept | A set of actually or potentially interbreeding populations. Only applies to species that are sexual, extant (alive), and sympatric |
| Morphological Species Concept | If you can easily tell animals apart from each other, then they are a species, not accurate |
| Lineage Species Concept | Evidence of a population of group being on their own seperate evolutionary pathway |
| Allopatric Speciation | Different places, no gene flow |
| Parapatric Speciation | Side by side, gene flow |
| Sympatric Speciation | In the same place, completely overlapped genetically |
| Genome Duplication | Instantaneous speciation due to inability to mate with each other, now need to self fertilize (common in plants) |
| Allopolyploids | Gametes are from different species |
| Autopolyploid | Gametes from the same species |
Created by:
Fosbennerjr
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