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Ch. 14
Medical Asepsis and Infection Control
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Chain of infection | Infectious agent: infection reservoir: where it grows portal of exit: how the infection leaves the reservoir mode of transmission: how the organism is transferred portal of entry: how it enters a new host susceptible host: the person attached to port |
| Direct Contact | the microorganism spreads from one person directly to another, usually on the hands |
| Disinfectant | a cleaning agent that removes most pathogens |
| Health-care associated infection | An infection acquired while the patient is being cared for in the health care setting |
| Indirect contact | microorganisms leave one person and contaminate an object that is then used on another patient |
| Localized infection | When the pt. has an infection in one area of the body |
| Medical aspesis | practices performs to prevent the spread of infection |
| Microogranism | Minuscule living bodies that cannot be seen without a microscope |
| Normal flora | Microorganisms that live in our bodies and perform needed functions to protect us from harmful pathogens and help us break down and digest food |
| Pathogen | disease producers Microorganisms that cause infection in humans |
| Primary infection | initial infections caused by one pathogen only |
| Secondary infection | infection caused by a different pathogen |
| Standard precautions | safety measures performed to prevent the transmission of pathogens found in the blood and body fluids |
| Systematic infection | When an infection spreads from one localized area to other organs spreading through the bloodstream |
| Transmission based precautions | used to prevent the spread of known infection to pts. or health care staff |
| Vector | a living organism that transmits disease-causing pathogens from one host to another |
| Bacteria | One celled organisms founds virtually everywhere |
| Gram staining | When you use a dark purple stain on slide when looking at bacteria under a microscope |
| Gram negative | pink or red |
| Gram positive | blue or purple |
| What are pathogenic microorganisms classified as? | Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, o helminths |
| Rickettssia | A type of bacteria that are different from most because they only reproduce inside the cells of the host |
| How is rickettsia spread? | often spread through the bites of insects, such as ticks and mites |
| MDROs | Multiple drug resistant organisms |
| When does bacteria in the body result in problems? | when they invade an area outside their normal location |
| What is the most common type of bacteria? | Staphylococcus aureus |
| C.A | Community associated |
| H.A | Hospital acquired |
| Virus | tiny parasites that live within the cells of the host and reproduce there |
| How are viruses different from bacteria? | Viruses are not endemic to the human body and all viruses potentially cause illnesses |
| Protozoa | Single celled animals that live in water an can be ingested by humans through water or food . Protozoa's cause intestinal illnesses |
| Fungi | may be made up of one or more cells . |
| How to treat protozoa? | They are treated with antiparasitic drugs |
| How to treat fungi? | treated with antifungal medications available in creams, ointments, and oral and IV forms |
| How to treat helminths? | treated with medication known as anthelmintic, anthelmintic are designed to kill the specific parasitic worm |
| Helminths | parasitic worms that inhabit the GI tract ex. roundworms, pinworm's, tapeworms |
| How to treat viruses? | antibiotics would not be effective against a virus. Sometimes health-care providers will order antibiotics to prevent a secondary infection from occurring, but that is not necessary with every viral illness |
| email her wednesday if she doesnt send out an email of what we are expected to know | |
| septicemia | when microorganisms are present and multiplying in the blood |
| Primary defenses | Skin Mucous membranes Gastrointestinal System |
| Mucous membranes | membranes produce sticky mucous that traps invading pathogens. Stays acidic |
| Secondary defenses | Inflammatory process Elevated temperature Complement cascade |
| Inflammatory process | WBCs release histamine blood vessels near injury dilate dilation results in redness and warmth in the area of injury blood vessels become more permeable allows increased number of WBCs into the injured area phagocytes surround and consume |
| Elevated temperature | The body increases core temperature to prevent microorganisms from reproducing |
| Complement | a group of specialized proteins that attack the pathogens |
| Tertiary Defenses | Specialized white blood cells Lymphocytes (B or T cells) |
| Factors that affect the body's defenses against infection | age chemical exposure chronic illness lack of exercise lack of rest increased stress nonintact skin poor nutrition |
| Surgical asepsis | maintaining a sterile environment such as that found in an operating room |
| Sterile technique | performing procedures in a way that no pathogens will enter the pts. body when you insert tubes or give injections |
| airborne transmission | when infectious particles are so small and lightweight that they float in the air and spread through the air |
| droplet transmission | transmitted from the respiratory system of one person to another through the small droplets |
| What is the most effective way to break the chain of infection? | Wash your hands |
| When can alcohol based hand gels be used for hand hygiene? | In the hand hygiene guidelines from the CDC, the use of alcohol-based hand gels for cleaning hands is recommended because they can be used when hand washing with soap and water is not optimal |
| When can alcohol based hand gels not be used for hand hygiene? | alcohol-based hand gels do not kill spores and are not recommended when caring for patients infected with C. difficile |
| Dermatitis | inflammation of the skin |
| When should you use standard precaution? | standard precautions that are to be used with all patients regardless of diagnosis or suspected diagnosis |
| When should you use transmission based precautions? | requires the use of specific protective equipment when caring for patients with illnesses that are communicable through contact, respiratory droplets, or the air |
| How can you help a patient under transmission based precautions feel less socially isolated? | Spend time talking with pt. while you are in the room ask the pt. if you can bring anything for them to pass the time avoid showing discontent coming into the room |
| Signs and symptoms of latex reactions | -irritant dermatitis -hypersensitivity -anaphylaxis or circulatory collapse |
| hypersensitivity | redness and itching but is more severe than irritant dermatitis. The person also can develop hives; coughing; and itching, watery eyes. Can occur up tp 48 hrs aft contact with latex |
| irritant dermatitis | the latex irritate the skin, causing redness and itching |
| anaphylaxis | develop swelling, hives, itching, respiratory distress, nausea, and diarrhea. If untreated, it can lead to respiratory and cardiac arrest |
| Chain of Infection | Infectious agent reservoir portal of exit mode of transmission portal of entry susceptible host |
| Review Table 14.1 in the textbook |
Created by:
kyebula
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