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Cell Regulation
NURS319 - Week 1 Review
| Plasma Membrane | semi-permeable membrane; outer surface contain glycoprotein; disruption causes cellular edema and cellular dehydration |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | 3 sodium ions out -> 2 potassium ions in ATP is required; drugs can alter activity (i.e. Cardiac Glycosides Establishes resting membrane potential and fluid volume |
| Mitochondria | Cell energy producer; converts nutrients to ATP Contains own DNA derived maternally DNA damage may play a role in diabetes, cancer, and heart disease (free radicals damage the DNA) |
| Aerobic Metabolism | Glucose to pyruvate -> Krebs cycle Net yield: 34 ATP |
| Anaerobic Metabolism | Oxygen not available (hypoxia) Glucose to pyruvate -> lactic acid (can change pH) Net yield: 2 ATP |
| Etiology (Etiologic Agents) | the original cause of cellular alteration or disease |
| Homeostasis | A condition of equilibrium when various physiological factors are within normal limits |
| Allostasis | Body's way of adapting to stressors |
| Cellular Adaptation | protective mechanism to prevent cellular and tissue damage due to stressors |
| Pathognomic Changes | unique historical findings that represent distinct disease processes |
| Histology | microscopic study of tissues and cells for diagnostic purposes |
| Biopsy | extraction of cell samples (organ or tissue) for histological examination |
| Cellular Differentiation | cells changing from simple to specialized |
| Atrophy | cells decrease in size (shrinkage) |
| Hypertrophy | enlargement of cells (increase in size) |
| Angiogenesis | production or creation of new blood vessels |
| Hyperplasia | increase in number of cells in an organ or tissue; typically in response to stimulus and stops when stimulus is gone |
| Metaplasia | reversible change where one cell type is replaced by another type to better survive (i.e. GERD) |
| Dysplasia | deranged cell growth of specific tissue (change in size, shape, function, etc.); not yet cancerous |
| Anaplasia | all cells of a specific tissue are different (malignancy) |
| Neoplasia | disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled cell growth; CANCER! |
| Benign | well-differentiated cells that resemble original cell in original tissue; DOES NOT METASTIZISE; slow growers and does no harm |
| Malignant | poorly differentiated cells that doesn't resemble original cells; undefined borders; METASTIZISES (moves from source and accesses blood supply); fast growth |
| Endothelium | continuous layer of cells that line arterial blood vessels - used in vascular function - very responsive to blood flow changes, stressors, etc. |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | stimulates angiogenesis |
| Nitric oxide | What is secreted when vessels need to dilate? |
| Endothelin | What is needed when vessels need to vasoconstrict |
| Atherosclerosis | injury of endothelium; build up of plaque |
| Arteriosclarosis | chronic narrowing and hardening of vessel wall |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death to unwanted, unnecessary, and damaged cells; NO INFLAMMATION; has both physiological processes and pathological processes |
| Prostate cancer | disease with a decrease in apoptosis |
| Spinal muscular atrophy | disease with an increase in apoptosis |
| Infarction | death of tissue via prolonged ischemia |
| Necrosis | cell death due to injuries or stressors; irreversible process -> membrane disintegrates, chromatin fragmentation, lysosomal activates, lysis CAUSES INFLAMMATION |
| Gangrene (wet and dry) | tissue necrosis after cells die and a bacteria (Clostridium Perfringens) comes into the exposed, decaying tissue Wet: ooze, swell, odor (i.e. diabetic foot) Dry: dries up, black (i.e. frostbite) |
Created by:
jessituyet
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