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chapter 3
cells lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Maintenance of life involves: | Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth |
| Cell is the structural and functional unit of organisms Activity of an organism is dependent on cellular activity (individually and collectively) | Biochemical activity is related to the subcellular structures (organelles) Continuity of life has a cellular basis |
| Over 250 different types of human cells Types differ in size, shape, and subcellular components; these differences lead to differences in functions | Substances found outside cells Cellular secretions (e.g., saliva, mucus) Extracellular matrix: substance that acts as glue to hold cells together |
| 3 main parts | Plasma membrane Barrier, outer boundary Cytoplasm Semi-fluid medium Contains organelles Small structures that perform specific cellular functions Nucleus Controls cellular activity Contains DNA Usually near the center of the cell |
| Classes of extracellular materials include: Extracellular fluids (body fluids), such as: Interstitial fluid: cells are submersed (bathed) in this fluid Blood plasma: fluid of the blood Cerebrospinal fluid: fluid surrounding nervous system organ | |
| plasma membrane | Acts as an active barrier separating intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF) Plays dynamic role in cellular activity by controlling what enters and what leaves cell Also known as the “cell membrane” |
| Structure of Plasma Membrane Consists of membrane lipids that form a flexible lipid bilayer | Phosopolipids Cholesterol Specialized membrane proteins float through this fluid membrane, resulting in constantly changing patterns Referred to as fluid mosaic (made up of many pieces) model |
| Structure of Plasma Membrane | Surface carbohydrates in the form of sugars form the glycocalyx Sugar coating on the outside of cells Glycoproteins and glycolipids Membrane structures help to hold cells together through cell junctions |
| Structure of Plasma Membrane (function) | Physical barrier Keeps the outside out and the inside in Selectively permeable Determines which substances can enter or exit the cell |
| Structure of Plasma Membrane | Communication Has proteins that interact with chemical messengers (like hormones) Cell recognition Carbohydrates on the surface let cells recognize each other “fingerprint” of the cell |
| membrane lipids Lipid bilayer is made up of: | 75% phospholipids, which consist of two parts: Phosphate heads: are polar (charged), so are hydrophilic (water-loving) Fatty acid tails: are nonpolar (no charge), so are hydrophobic (water-hating) |
| membrane lipids made up of: | 5% glycolipids Lipids with sugar groups on outer membrane surface 20% cholesterol Increases membrane stability |
| membrane proteins Allow cell communication with environment Make up about half the mass of plasma membrane | Function depends on protein Two types: Integral proteins peripheral proteins |
| membrane proteins (integral) | Integral proteins Firmly inserted into membrane Most are transmembrane proteins (span membrane) Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
| membrane proteins (integral)-> proteins | Hydrophobic areas interact with lipid tails Hydrophilic areas interact with water Function as transport proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors |
| membrane proteins (peripheral) | Peripheral proteins Loosely attached to integral proteins Include filaments on intracellular surface used for plasma membrane support |
| membrane proteins (peripheral) | Functions: Enzymes Motor proteins for shape change during cell division and muscle contraction Cell-to-cell connections |
| Membrane Protein Functions (Transport) | protein spans membrane nen |
| Membrane Protein Functions (Transport) | protein spans membrane nen |
| Membrane Protein Functions (Transport) | protein spans membrane nen |
Created by:
lunagmia
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