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Protein Synthesis

TermDefinition
Central Dogma of Biology States that DNA holds the instructions for making proteins which are copied by RNA which then uses the instructions to make a protein DNA --> RNA --> Protein
DNA Double stranded nucleic acid, found in the double helix shape. Stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next. Contains thymine which pairs with adenine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. Contains a deoxyribose sugar
RNA Single stranded nucleic acid that carries out the instructions coded in DNA. Contains a ribose sugar, and uracil instead of thymine. Uracil pairs with adenine, cytosine pairs with guanine.
Proteins Polymers made up of joined amino acids arranged into long chains called polypeptides. They perform many jobs for the cell.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Type of RNA that acts as a messenger by carrying the instructions for protein synthesis from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. Is the single stranded form of RNA that contains the codons
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Type of RNA that makes up the ribosome which is the site of protein synthesis. It is responsible for making proteins.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) Type of RNA responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message (codon). Contains the anticodon that will pair with the mRNA codon.
Protein Synthesis The process where a sequence of DNA is used to build a chain of amino acids that will fold into a protein.
Transcription The first step of protein synthesis. Process where segments of DNA serve as a template to produce complementary RNA molecules. DNA is turned into RNA, specifically mRNA.
RNA Polymerase Used in transcription to turn the DNA into RNA. It binds to the DNA strand, separates the strand, and adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA strand in order to create the RNA strand
Introns Portions of pre-mRNA that are not coded for to make a protein. They are cut out of the pre-mRNA strand and discarded
Exons Portions of pre-mRNA that are coded into proteins. They are "glued" together to make the mRNA strand that will go on and be used to make proteins.
Codons The three bases of mRNA that are read at a time. These will code for one of the 20 different amino acids.
Codon Chart A tool that helps to decode codons into their amino acids. In the form of a table or a wheel
Translation The second step of protein synthesis. Process of decoding a mRNA molecule to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains (proteins). Takes place in ribosomes (rRNA) in the cytoplasm. Requires mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. mRNA turns into a protein
Steps of Trasncription 1. DNA is separated into two strands 2. RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides 3. Newly synthesized mRNA is formed 4. mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm
Steps of Translation 1. mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome where rRNA reads the sequence of codons in mRNA 2. tRNA molecules bring complementary amino acids to the rRNA according to the codons on the mRNA 3. Amino acids are joined together to form a polypeptide chain
Created by: user-1894303
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