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Neurology
Unit 1: Introduction to Neuro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| SLPs are a critical member of the neuro team, specifically the medical, interdisciplinary, and diagnostic team. Why MUST learn about the brain? | To provide an Accurate diagnosis and efficient Treatment plan. |
| Everything you do in therapy is designed to do what? | Directly impact your patient’s nervous system. |
| Treatment is always about changing what? | The patient’s behavior, perception, or cognitive state by changing the nervous system. |
| As SLP's, what are we actively changing about the patient? | Their brains and nervous systems. |
| We have to change the way the patient’s brain is wired in order for them to do well in therapy. This is done through: | Therapy therapeutic tasks. Engaging in different activities. Different learning activities. Repeating behaviors. Changing the patient’s activities, behavior, muscular abilities, and perception. |
| Bilateral Symmetry | The body is divided into two mirror-image halves along a single plane. |
| Contralateral Sensory Motor Control | One side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body for both movement and sensory processing. |
| EEG (Electroencephalogram) | A test that measures the electrical activity of the brain. It detects tiny electrical signals produced by neurons as they communicate |
| An EEG is typically used to look at? | Seizure activity. |
| Angiograms | A medical imaging test used to look for blood flow through the head or the neck. It shows how blood moves through the arteries, either in the neck or out through the cerebrum. |
| Angiograms typically look for? | Bleeding within the brain. |
| What may you find with an angiogram? | Aneurysms, suspected stroke, or stroke. |
| What is an angiogram NOT good at showing? | Blockages. |
| CT (Computed Tomography) Scan | A medical imaging test that creates detailed, cross-sectional images that show the brain as a whole. |
| CT Scans are typically used to look at? | Bleeding in the brain. |
| CT Scans are great at showing? | fluid in the brain. |
| CT Scans are NOT good at showing? Why? | Ischemic stroke or those blood blockage type of stroke. Because it is not specific enough and when there is a blocked part of the brain, it takes time for the it to efficiently die off and show on screen. |
| MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | A medical imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues inside the body, particularly useful for the brain and soft tissues. |
| MRI is sensitive to? | Hemorrhagic, ischemic, and neurochemical changes. |
| fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | A specialized MRI that measures and maps brain activity. |
| How do fMRI's detect changes in brain activity? | Monitoring blood flow. |
| This is the first test that would be done if any type of neurological symptoms of a stroke, or changes to vision and speech occurred. | CT Scan. |
| What are the two major types of cells that make up our nervous system? | Neurons and (Neuroglial) Glial cells. |
| What is a neuron? | Major nerve cell. |
| What is a glial cell? | The supporting cells of our nervous system. |
| True or false, there are more glial cells than neurons. | True |
| Neurons _______ work alone | Never |
| Neurons are arranged into functional collections of interconnected __________ that share common ________ and ___________ | Populations, inputs, outputs. |
| It is a___________________ working cooperatively that actually forms the decision-making unit for all forms of sensory/perceptual and motor behavior in an animal. | Population of neurons |
| Neurons that fire together __________. Neurons that ____________, wire apart. | Wire together, Fire apart. |
| Neuroplasticity | The capacity of neurons to adapt to a changed environment; in some cases, neuronal area's takeover function(s) of damaged neurons. |
| _______________ all based on learning experiences and different environments | Neuroplasticity |
| Neuroplasticity changes ________ response to a _________ | Neuron's, stimulus input. |
| Neuroplasticity changes the number of neurons that are activated by _________________ | Sensory input |
| Neuroplasticity changes the size of a neuron's _________ | Receptive field |
| ______________ neuroplasticity is an extensive field of study with great relevance to understanding how the brain learns and how it recovers from injury. | Experience-dependent |
| What do neurons do? | Transmit the information. |
| What do neuroglial (glial) cells do? | Supporting cells of our neurons that insulate, remove all the extra proteins and neurotransmitters that are not necessarily protecting the axons of the neurons, physical support, metabolic assistance, and protection. |
| Oligodendroglia | Type of glial cell that produces myelin for neurons in the central nervous system. |
| What are three types of Oligodendroglia cells? | Astrocytes. Microglial. Ependymal. |
| What are two types of neuroglial (glial) cells? | Oligodendroglia and Schwann cells. |
| Schwann | Type of glial cell that forms and maintains myelin in the peripheral nervous system. |
| What is a neuroglia functions? How does it work? | Provides insulation for axons or dendrites. They do so by wrapping around the long fibers. The insulation properties come from myelin contained within the cells |
| True of false, all neurons shaped the same. | False, it depends on what type of neuron they are. Depending on how many dendrites they have, how many axons they have, and where the location of their cell body is. |
| Pre-Synaptic | The part of a neuron that sends a signal to another neuron at a synapse. |
| Synthesis | The production of neurotransmitters in neurons, which are then stored and released during neural communication. |
| Synaptic cleft | The intervening space before and after a synapse. |
| Post Synaptic | The receiving side of a synapse, where a signal is transmitted from one neuron to another. |
| True or false, neurons never actually touch each other. | True |
| What are the two types of firing of neurons? | Electrical signal and chemical signal. |
| Electrical signal | Action potential. Buildup of electrical current in the neuron. |
| Chemical signal | Change in chemicals. A form of communication between cells or organisms that involves the release and detection of specific chemical molecules |
| Afferent Neurons | Carry sensory info to CNS (sensory neurons). |
| What direction do afferent neurons go? | Towards the cell body. |
| Efferent Neurons | Carry motor commands to the muscles (motor neuron). |
| What direction do efferent neurons go? | Away from the cell body. |
| An action potential can either be? | Excitatory or inhibitory. |
| Explain how an excitatory synapse works | The receptor protein is a chemically gated sodium channel. When a neurotransmitter binds to it, the channel opens, letting sodium ions flow in. If enough channels open, an action potential starts. |
| Explain how an inhibitory synapse works | The receptor protein is a chemically gated potassium channel. When a neurotransmitter binds, potassium ions exit, making the cell interior more negative. This inhibits an action potential by requiring more sodium channels to open to trigger it. |
| When the nerves fire, the action potential is known as an | Electrical event |
| True or false, a neuron can have both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic reactions. | True |
| When signals from both excitatory and inhibitory synapses reach the body of a neuron, the combined effects __________ or ___________ on another | Reinforce or cancel. |
| A single motor neuron in the spinal cord may have ________ synapses on it | 50,000 |
| Myelin | The fatty substance surrounding some axons that speeds neural transmission; the myelin-covered areas are the white matter of the brain |
| The brain can be divided by? | White and gray matter |
| Gray Matter | The grayish substance of brain and spinal cord composed of neuronal and glial cell bodies, unmyelinated nerve fibers, and synapses. |
| White Matter | Substance of the brain and spinal cord consisting of myelinated fibers and containing no neuronal cell bodies or synapses. |
| Saltatory conduction | The myelin sheath helps speed the neural impulse by insulating the electrical current and making it possible for the impulse to jump from node to node. |
| Refractory Period | Momentary state of reduced irritation after a neural response. |
| Polarization | The nerve is resting and charged, with a negative inside and positive outside. |
| Stimulus | Something triggers the nerve. |
| Depolarization | The nerve sends its signal by flipping the charges (positive inside, negative outside) |
| Repolarization | The nerve resets by restoring the original charges (negative inside, positive outside) to get ready for the next signal. |
| Myasthenia Gravis | Progressive autoimmune disease of NMJ leading to weakness. |
| Intellectual Disability | Smaller dendritic spines, morphologic differences in cells. |
| Tumors | Abnormal changes in neurons/glial cells. |
| ALS | Motor neuron disease. |
| MS | Myelin sheath around axon is damaged disruption neuronal communication. |
| Guillian-Barre | Rapid demyelization of PNS nerves |
| In what direction do my toes sit in relation to my heart? | Distally |
| If I have bilateral weakness, where do I have my weakness? | On both sides of the body. |
| True or false, A head CT is really good at looking for fluid on the brain, but may "miss" some of the smaller changes to the grey and white matter (such as small vascular changes). | True |
| True or false, Post-synaptic neuron firing is regulated by the inhibition of neurotransmitters at the synaptic level. | True |
| True or false, Early CT scans of the head may miss a large ischemic stroke. | True. |
| This part of the neuron contains the DNA genetic material of the cell. | Nucleus. |
| True or false: A PET scan is a widely available functional neuroimaging test used to assess brain function, including metabolism, activation, and interaction between brain areas. | True. |
| True or false, a neuron's action potential is released as nothing- meaning it does not fire. | True |
| This type of plane divides the body into anterior and posterior regions. | Coronal. |
| Another name for a term that divides the body into equal left and right portions is | Hemi sagittal |
| True or false, a heat CT shows "slices" of the brain in various layers that allow the radiologist to look for various abnormalities throughout different parts of the brain. | True. |
| True or false, the refractory period is important because it ensures that the action potential can travel both ways down the axon | False |
| In the central nervous system, these neuroglial cells manufacture myelin, which is essential for many neuronal axons | Oligodendrocytes |
| True or false, Patients with metal defibrillators would not be appropriate for a MRI | True |
| My forehead is positioned _________ to the back of my head | Anterior |
| Another name for a nerve cell of the nervous system is a | Neuron |
| True or false, an MRI is more likely to catch smaller lesions within the brain given its increased sensitivity compared to a head CT | True |
| What is the period of time when it is impossible for a neuron to fire its actional potential again after it has just fired | Absolute refractory period |
Created by:
RachelJClark
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