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loe:plant developmen

QuestionAnswer
What are the main stages of plant development? Embryogenesis – Formation of the embryo. Dormancy – Seeds remain inactive until conditions are favorable. Seed Germination – Seed develops into a new plant.
What is plasticity in plant development? The ability of plants to adapt growth patterns based on environmental factors.
What is totipotency in plants? The ability of many plant cells to regenerate into an entire plant under the right conditions.
What are meristems, and why are they important? Meristems – Regions of continuous cell division. Shoot Apical Meristem – Growth at plant tips. Root Apical Meristem – Growth at root tips.
What are the main functions of seeds? Nutrient Storage – Stores lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates for embryo development. Desiccation – Mature seeds dry out to protect the embryo and control germination timing.
Hormonal Regulation of Seed Development Abscisic Acid (ABA) Maintains dormancy, prevents early germination Protects embryo Gibberellins (GA) Promotes germination, breaks dormancy Stimulates starch breakdown for growth
How do ABA and GA interact in seed germination? ABA prevents early germination & promotes dormancy. GA breaks dormancy and promotes germination by breaking down stored nutrients.
What are two major effects of GA in plant growth? Seed Germination – GA breaks dormancy by stimulating nutrient breakdown. Shoot Elongation – GA promotes cell division and elongation in meristems.
How do dwarfing genes affect plant height? Mutations in GA synthesis genes lead to dwarf or semi-dwarf plants, which played a key role in the Green Revolution.
What happens in ABA-deficient mutants? They exhibit vivipary (seeds germinate while still attached to the parent plant).
How do chemical dwarfing agents work? Chemicals like Paclobutrazol inhibit GA biosynthesis, reducing plant growth.
What are the primary functions of seeds? Nutrient storage (for embryo & humans) Dormancy via abscisic acid (ABA) Prevention of premature germination Facilitation of dispersa
What role do gibberellins (GAs) play in seedling development? Promote germination & shoot elongation GA-deficient mutants (e.g., Mendelian peas, Rht wheat) are dwarf Key in agriculture & the Green Revolution
What defines a plant hormone? “Endogenous organic compounds affecting growth & development at low concentrations.”
What are the common units of hormone concentration? µM (10⁻⁶ mol/L) nM (10⁻⁹ mol/L) pM (10⁻¹² mol/L) fM (10⁻¹⁵ mol/L)
What are the major roles of auxin? Controls tropisms (light & gravity responses) Stimulates root initiation, but inhibits root elongation Manages cell division & expansion Controls leaf primordia & shoot branching (axillary meristems)
How do cytokinins influence plant growth? Stimulate cell division Delay senescence (prevents aging) Counterbalance auxin’s effects, particularly in root-shoot development
How does the auxin:cytokinin ratio affect growth? High auxin → Root development Medium auxin → Callus formation Low auxin → Shoot development
What causes plant tumors? Uncontrolled growth due to Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection.
How are GM plants developed? Totipotent plant cells are used in tissue culture for regeneration.
What are the major environmental stimuli for plants? Water Light CO₂ levels Touch Herbivores & pathogens
How do plants maintain homeostasis in gas exchange? Regulating stomatal opening & closure
How does ABA regulate water loss? Acts as an anti-transpirant Synthesized in response to water deficiency Promotes stomatal closure to reduce water loss
What is Partial Root Drying (PRD)? A water efficiency technique in crops
What are some common plant responses to stress? Stomatal closure (to conserve water) Solute adjustments (proline, sugars) Protection against drought & cold
What role does ethylene (C₂H₄) play in plants? Regulates fruit ripening & flower senescence Promotes leaf abscission Synthesized in response to auxin
Created by: REDZ17
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