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nerves,neurons,synap

QuestionAnswer
What are neurones? Specialized cells that transmit electrical signals.
What are the two major parts of the nervous system? Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain & spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Somatic, autonomic, enteric
What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neurone? Around -70mV.
What creates membrane potential? Ion gradients – Unequal distribution of ions across the membrane.
What is passive diffusion? Movement of ions without energy (e.g., O₂, CO₂).
What is active transport? Movement of ions requiring ATP (e.g., Na+/K+ pump).
What is an action potential? A rapid change in membrane potential that propagates along the axon.
What are the stages of an action potential? Depolarization – Na+ influx (sodium enters). Repolarization – K+ efflux (potassium exits). Hyperpolarization – Overshoot before stabilizing.
What is the function of myelination? Speeds up signal transmission by saltatory conduction at Nodes of Ranvier.
What is neurotransmission? Neurotransmitters are released at synapses to communicate between neurones.
What are the types of neurotransmitters? Excitatory (e.g., Glutamate) – Promotes depolarization. Inhibitory (e.g., GABA) – Promotes hyperpolarization.
What are the two types of neurotransmitter receptors? Ionotropic – Directly open ion channels (fast). Metabotropic – Use G-proteins for indirect effects (slow).
Dendrites Receive & transmit signals to cell body.
Soma Contains nucleus & organelles.
Axon Transmits action potentials.
Axon Terminals Communicate with other neurones/muscles.
What happens at a synapse? Neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic terminal and binds to the postsynaptic receptor.
What does the somatic nervous system control? Voluntary skeletal muscle movements via motor neurones.
What are the components of a reflex arc? Receptor – Detects stimulus. Afferent Neurone – Carries signal to CNS. Integration Centre – Processes signal. Efferent Neurone – Carries response signal. Effector Organ – Executes response (e.g., muscle).
What are the types of reflexes? Ipsilateral Reflex – Sensory & motor occur on same side. Contralateral Reflex – Involves both sides of the body.
What brain areas are involved in movement? Motor Cortex – Initiates voluntary movement. Basal Ganglia – Coordinates movement initiation. Cerebellum – Controls balance & coordination.
What determines if a neurone will fire? The balance of excitatory & inhibitory inputs at its synapses.
Created by: REDZ17
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