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Genetics

TermDefinition
Nucleic Acid macromolecule that holds genetic information. DNA and RNA.
Nucleotides Made up of three parts: a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. They make up DNA and RNA.
Nitrogen Base Pairs A with T. C with G. In RNA, T becomes U.
DNA Structure double helix
Chromosomes Tightly wound strands of DNA. Humans have 23 pairs (46 total).
Gene Section of DNA with information to code for a protein.
DNA Replication DNA must be copied for a cell to divide. It is unzipped by enzymes and complementary bases are attached.
Semiconservative When DNA is replicated, one strand of the old DNA is combined with one strand of new. So, half of the DNA is from the original.
Protein Synthesis Reading the instructions in DNA to make a polypeptide (protein).
Polypeptide A protein. A chain of amino acids.
RNA One strand of genetic material that is taken outside the nucleus so transcription and translation can happen.
mRNA messenger RNA. Takes the instructions in DNA and carries them to the ribosomes.
Ribosomes Organelle is where proteins are synthesized (made).
Transcription Copying DNA into RNA so it can leave the nucleus.
Codon Set of three nucleotides (letters) that give instructions for one amino acid.
Anticodon The opposite letters for the codon.
Amino acid building block (monomer) for making proteins
Translation Taking instructions from RNA and using them to build a protein.
Epigenetics Tags that the cells put on DNA to turn different instructions "on" or "off"
Zygote A fertilized egg
Differentiation As a zygote grows, cells take on different jobs and form different types of tissues
Stem Cell A cell without a specific job (undifferentiated)
Organism One member of a species
Organ System A group of organs that work together
Organ A group of tissues that work together
Tissues A group of cells that work together
Cell Cycle A pattern of growing, copying DNA, and dividing cells.
Interphase The phase a cell is in normally. It grows during this phase. At the end of this phase it duplicates its DNA.
Chromatid Half of a chromosome (after its been duplicated)
Centromere The center of a chromosome that holds two chromatids together
Telomere The ends of each chromosome
Mitosis Regular cell division that makes two identical cells.
Prophase Step 1 of mitosis - chromosomes wind up
Metaphase Step 2 of mitosis - chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase Step 3 of mitosis - chromosomes separate and each half (chromatids) move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase Step 4 of mitosis - chromosomes unwind and the cells separate into two daughter cells
Cytokinesis Separating the cytoplasm into two cells
Cancer uncontrollable cell growth
Tumor Clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably
Causes of Cancer age, genetics, diet, sunburn, viruses, cancerous chemicals (carcinogens)
Created by: mharms
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