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Fluid & Electrolytes
patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What percent of adult body weight is water? | 60% |
| Fluid is located ____________ & _______________ | intracellularly and extracellularly |
| Between ECF and ISF, which of the two is more easily lost? | ISF |
| What protein is responsible for movement of water into and out of the vessels? | Albumin |
| Define molarity | the measure/number of particles per L of solution |
| In clinical settings, serum osmolality is commonly used to... | assess the concentration of solutes like sodium, glucose, and urea in the blood |
| Isotonic solutions: | have equal distribution of sodium and water in both the ICF and ECF; has the same tonicity as blood |
| Hypotonic solutions: | have a lower tonicity (sodium level) or solute concentration than what is found inside the cell (ICF); lower tonicity than blood |
| What do you give a patient who's sodium and water levels are isotonic? | 0.9% NaCl/lactated ringers/normal saline; a solution that won't alter the tonicity of their cells |
| You would give a hypotonic fluids to a patient who is... | dehydrated |
| Hypertonic solutions: | have a higher tonicity (sodium level) or solute concentration than what is found outside the cell; higher tonicity than blood |
| You would give hypertonic fluids to a patient who has... | cerebral edema |
| define osmosis | when molecules in a solvent passing through a semipermeable membrane from a LESS concentrated solution into a MORE concentrated solution to equalize the concentrations on each side of the membrane |
| the process by which molecules passively spread from areas of high concentration to low concentration | diffusion |
| This is when a solution moves across a membrane that sorts certain particles out from the solvent | filtration |
| This occurs when a substance requires energy to pass through a membrane against a concentration gradient; uses ATP | active transport |
| This comes from the heart in the arteries and pushes water out of the capillaries and into the ISF? | hydrostatic pressure |
| _________ pressure and ___________ pressure help pull water back | osmotic and oncotic |
| Edema is caused by... | excess ISF due to a problem with hydrostatic, oncotic, or osmotic pressure |
| ADH/Vasopressin is stimulated by... | the posterior pituitary gland |
| When is ADH/Vasopressin released? | when BP is low and causes the kidneys to retain water in the blood to help elevate BP |
| When is ANP released? | when there is too much fluid sensed in the right atrium of the heart which stimulates diuresis |
| When is BNP released? | released when blood vessels in the brain and the left ventricle of the heart sense excess fluid in the vessels which stimulates diuresis |
| CNP is used to diagnose.... | heart failure |
| Water can be lost through both ___________ and ____________ loss | sensible and insensible |
| What are 4 examples of sensible water loss? | -urination -sweating (during exercise or heat) -V+ -D+ |
| What are 4 examples of insensible water loss? | -evaporation from skin (w/o sweating) -exhalation (water vapor lost during breathing) -loss through mucus membranes in respiratory tract -loss through burns or wounds |
| What are the normal sodium levels? | 135-145 |
| What are the normal potassium levels? | 3.5-5.2 |
| What are the normal calcium levels? | 8.7-10 |
| What are the normal phosphate levels? | 2.5-4.5 |
| What are the normal magnesium levels? | 1.5-2.5 |
| How does our body get these electrolytes? | From food, fluid, or supplements; our body cannot create electrolytes |
| How do electrolytes leave our bodies? | vomiting, diarrhea, or urination |
| What is the only electrolyte that can get low in another way other than from urination? Explain. | Calcium can get low if we have low Vitamin D levels because Calcium binds to it |
| What 5 things is potassium involved with in the body? | 1)muscle contraction 2)cardiac rhythms 3)ATP synthesis 4)nerve function 5)kidney's ability to make urine |
| What 3 things is calcium involved with in the body? | 1)bone health 2)blood clotting 3)neuromuscular function |
| What does sodium do in the body? | helps maintain fluid balance |
| What 3 things is magnesium involved with in the body? | 1)enzyme function 2)nerve function 3)gene expression |
| What 2 things is phosphate involved with in the body? | 1)bone health 2)energy production |
| What does aldosterone do? | helps regulate blood pressure by balancing sodium and potassium levels in the body |
| Osmotic diuresis occurs with... | elevated BG levels |
| Explain Chvostek's sign | where you see a twitch of the facial muscles that occurs when gently tapping a patient's cheek in front of the ear. |
| Explain Trosseau's sign | when you see a carpopedal spasm of the hand and wrist occurs after a patient wears a blood pressure cuff for 2-3 minutes. |
Created by:
akgross
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