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BIO EXAM #1
BIO CHAPTER 1 + 2 VOCAB
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Science | the process of using observations and experiments to draw conclusions based on evidence- a way of knowing, seeking answers |
| anecdotal evidence | an informal observation that has not systematically been tested-Personal observation and experience, inspired by evidence but not tested, one or a few points of data are considered, conclusions not verified through independent testing |
| peer review | a process in which independent experts read scientific studies before they are published to ensure that the authors have appropriately designed and interpreted the study |
| hypothesis | a tentative explanation for a scientific observation or question |
| testable | hypothesis can be supported or rejected by experiments or observational studies |
| blind study | only the participants are blinded as to who the control and experimental group is |
| double-blind study | both participants and experimenters are blinded- eliminates bias |
| falsifiable | hypothesis can be ruled out or proven false by data |
| experimental group | experiences the experimental intervention or manipulation |
| control group | group in an experiment that experiences no intervention or manipulation |
| placebo | fake treatment given to control groups to mimic the experience of the experimental groups |
| independent variable | the variable or factor being deliberately changed in the experimental group (to impact the DV) |
| dependent variable | the measured result of an experiment, analyzed in both the experimental and control groups (impacted by the IV) |
| sample size | the number of participants/experimental subjects or number of times an experiment is repeated |
| statistical significance | a measure of confidence that the results obtained are “real” and not due to chance- less than 5% is significant |
| scientific theory | an explanation of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence and has never been disproved |
| correlation | consistent relationship between two variables- Does not mean one caused the other. Does not automatically mean causation |
| randomized clinical theory | controlled medical experiment in which subjects are randomly chosen to receive either an experimental treatment or standard treatment- the only proven method of establishing a cause rather than just a correlation |
| epidemiology | the study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors |
| Element | Cannot be chemically broken down into smaller parts |
| matter | anything that takes up space and has mass |
| atom | the smallest unit of an element that still remains the property of that element |
| proton | a positively charged subatomic particle- in nucleus |
| electron | a negatively charged subatomic particle- negligible mass, in rings |
| neutron | an uncharged subatomic particle- in nucleus |
| nucleus | the dense core of an atom |
| atomic number | the number of protons in an atom |
| atomic mass | the mass of protons + neutrons |
| covalent bond | bonds created by the sharing of electrons- a strong interaction |
| molecule | formed when 2 or more atoms are linked by covalent bonds |
| organic molecules | molecules with carbon-based backbone and at least one C-H bond |
| inorganic molecules | lack carbon-based backbone and C-H bond |
| carbohydrate | an organic molecule made up of sugar monomers (monosaccharides)- energy storage, cell support |
| protien | a macromolecule made up of repeating subunits called amino acids- determines shape/function of protein |
| lipids | no repeating monomers, an organic molecule that generally repels water- fatty acids |
| nucleic acids | an organic molecule made up of unlinked nucleotide subunits- storage, transmission and execution of genetic info |
| macromolecules | very large organic molecules made up of living organisims |
| monomers | one chemical unit of a polymer |
| polymer | a molecule made up of individual subunits (monomers) linked together in a chain |
| monosaccharides | the building blocks or monomer of a carbohydrate |
| amino acid | the building blocks or monomers of a protein |
| nucleotide | the building blocks of DNA consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and base |
| homeostasis | the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment |
| energy | the capacity to do work- cellular work includes building complex molecules and moving substances in/out of the cell |
| metabolism | the sum of all chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism |
| virus | not cellular, infect other cells, use host cell to replicate, protein shell that encloses DNA/RNA containing genetic info |
| prion | not cellular, infectious proteins that replicate in cells, cause disease |
| cell | the basic structural unit of living organisms |
| cell membrane | a semi-permeable membrane that separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment |
| phospholipid | a type of lipid that forms the cell membrane |
| hydrophobic | molecules that repel water- water fearing |
| hydrophilic | molecules that attract water- water loving |
| polar molecule | a molecule in which electrons are not shared equally between atoms- cause partial negative charge at one end and positive charge at other end |
| hydrogen bond | Weak electrical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and an atom with a partial negative charge |
| cohesion | the attraction between molecules or other particles- water molecules cling together |
| adhesion | the attraction between molecules or other particles to a surface- water molecules cling to surfaces |
| solvent | a substance in which other substances can dissolve |
| solute | a dissolved substance |
| solution | a mixture of solute and solvent |
| ionic bond | a strong electrical attraction between positively charged ions formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another |
| ion | a charged atom formed due to loss or gain of electron |
| pH | is the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.- ranges from 0-14 |
| acid | a higher concentration of hydrogen ions |
| base | a lower concentration of hydrogen ions |
| experiment | a scientific procedure designed to test a hypothesis |
| all living things have... | growth, reproduction, sense and respond to stimuli, homeostasis, ability to obtain and use energy |
Created by:
Ellah1123
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