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NRM 330 Exam One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| types of ecosystem services | provisioning (ex: food), cultural (ex: recreation), regulation (ex: water filtering), and supporting (ex: soil) |
| pollutant | waste out of place |
| pollutant types | organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, organometallic chemicals, acids, physical, radiological, and biological |
| pollution sources | natural and anthropogenic; point and non point |
| environmental pollution | biological, chemical, physical impacts of human waste out of place |
| transboundary movement | occurs when pollutants cross state and national boundaries by air and/or water |
| pollutant fate | transformation of pollutants by chemical and biological processes to ultimate end products |
| environmental pollution policy before 1970s | nuisance/tort laws |
| command and control | the government creates and enforces, basically "thou shalt meet the standard regardless of abatement cost" |
| market-based | taxes, fees, and cap trade type things to incentivize pollution reductions |
| Clean Air Act | regulates six criteria air pollutants from stationary and mobile sources, 1970s |
| Clean Air Act Amendments | implemented cap and trade market for sulfur dioxide, 1990 |
| Safe Drinking Water Act | protects the public water supply implemented by individual states, also set a national standard for contaminants |
| Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act | regulates hazardous waste after the Love Canal incident, also created superfund |
| waste | materials that have reached the end of their useful life |
| transboundary | movement across state and national boundaries traveling with air or water currents |
| biotransport | pollutants are carried in body tissues of migratory animals such as salmon, whales, or birds, or are found in the droppings of migratory birds |
| mineralization | an organic substance degraded all the way to CO2 and H2O |
| synergistic | one chemical magnifies the effect of another chemical out of all proportion to its concentration |
| antogonists | one chemical inhibits the toxicity of another, lessening the chance of an adverse effect (aka antidote) |
| global dimming | a decrease in the amount of sunlight reaching earth |
| chevron deference | judges don't know everything, so they defer to agencies with technical experts |
| what environmental laws were passed in 1970 | clean water act; federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act |
| what environmental law was passed in 1974 | safe drinking water act |
| what environmental laws were passed in 1976 | resource conservation and recovery act; toxic substances control act |
| what environmental law was passed in 1980 | comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act/superfund |
| what environmental law was passed in 1984 | emergency planning and community right to know act |
| what environmental law was passed in 1990 | clean air act amendments |
| what environmental law was passed in 2016 | toxic substances control act amendments (frank r. lautenberg chemical safety for 21st century act) |
| end-of-pipe regulations | capture pollutants after they are formed, but before release |
| command-and-control regulations | otherwise known as one size fits all approach can sometimes reduce the efficiency of pollution control |
| market-based approaches | establishes a positive price for use of environment, then firms use that price to determine pollution they will emit |
| management hierarchy | pollution prevention, reuse and recycle, treatment, then dispersal |
| pollution prevention | decrease/eliminate amount of pollution produced |
| reuse and recycle | use material again for same or different purpose after reprocessing |
| treatment | used to reduce volume, toxicity, or other hazard of waste material |
| disposal | safely discard material that cannot be handled by any of the other three management options |
| chemical risk assessment | examines the risk of individual chemicals |
| comparative risk assessment | more holistic: it compares a number of environmental risks, not all of which are pollution risks |
| design for the environment (DfE) | from the moment a new product is conceived, designers work to make its environmental impact as low as possible |
| source reduction | using less of a raw material when making a product |
| toxics use reduction | reducing workers exposure to toxic chemicals during product manufacture |
| industrial symbiosis | by-products, whether material, energy, or water are sold or given to nearby facilities, which use or reuse them |
| pollution transport through soils | erosion, sedimentation, absorbed/bound to sediment, leaching |
| pollution transport by animals | bioaccumulation and migration |
| fate of organic pollutants | microbial breakdown, aerobic breakdown, anaerobic breakdown |
| factors that increase the rate of organic breakdown | temperature, moisture, oxygen, hydroxyl radical as an oxidizing agent, sunlight, and wave activity (physical breakdown) |
| fate of inorganic pollutants | can be microbially transformed through nitrification, denitrification, or redox |
| nitrification | NH4+ to NO3- |
| denitrification | NO3- to N2O |
| redox example | SO4- to S2- |
| what are the three main causes of environmental problems? | population, affluence, and technology |
| 4 step risk assessment | 1. hazard identification --> 2. does response 3. exposure assessment --> 4. --> risk characterization |
| hazard | something that can cause harm |
| risk | exposure to the hazard |
| risk assessment | performed after exposure to examine the probability that the chemical will cause harm |
| what does PBT stand for | persistent bioaccumulative toxin |
| comparative risk assessment | a decision making tool used to compare environmental problems to distinguish high priority risks from medium to low priority risks |
| criteria for high risk pollution | look at the scope of the effect, the likeliness of adverse effect, the potential severity, trends, and recovery time |
| toxicity | degree to which a chemical or substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism |
| acute toxicity | an adverse effect experienced soon after a one time exposure to a chemical |
| chronic toxicity | results from long term exposure to lower doses of a chemical, or an adverse effect happens long after exposure has ended |
| LD50 | the dose lethal to 50% of the animals exposed to a chemical |
| additivity | combination of two or more chemicals results in a combination of the expected individual responses |
| potentiation | exposure to one chemical results in in the other chemical effect greater than if done alone |
| fate after exposure | absorption, distribution, bioprocessing, and excretion |
| epidemiology | the study of the causes of a disease, its distribution in human/animal populations, and the factors influencing its distribution |
| toxicant | a substance causing adverse effects in a plant, animal, or human. it does so by impairing vital metabolic functions |
| toxin | a toxicant produced by a living organism |
| poison | a substance, which, in small amounts is injurious to health or endangers the life of a living organisms, synonymous for toxicant |
| hazardous substance | may be toxic, corrosive, reactive, flammable, radioactive, or infectious, or more than one of these. it cannot be harmful unless actual exposure to it occurs |
| xenobiotic | a chemical substance that is foreign to (not synthesized in) the body of the animal exposure to it |
| systemic effects | effects occurring at a point distant from where the chemical enters the body |
| local effects | effects occurring at the point of contact with skin, eyes, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract |
| teratogen | a xenobiotic which can damage the embryo or fetus |
| factors affecting toxicity | age, diet, sex, species... |
| initiator | a carcinogen that directly interacts with and mutates DNA |
| cancer promoter | a chemical that impacts the growth of a neoplasm that has already been initiated |
| complete carcinogen | a chemical that both initiates and promotes cancer |
| biomonitoring | measuring chemicals in human excretion to determine risk |
| confounding factors | factors which may influence study results independently of the exposure being studied |
| indicator chemical | chemicals that might pose the greatest likelihood of risk to nearby populations |
| safety factor | assuming humans are 10x as sensitive as the tested animals, then the most sensitive people are 10x more than average |
| maximum tolerated dose | the highest dose that does not reduce the animals' survival as a result of causes other than cancer |
| dose response assessment | 1. find a dose safe for lab animals (no observed effect level (NOAEL)) 2. determine safety factor 3. find reference dose (RfD) by dividing NOAEL by safety dose |
| hazard quotient | calculated by dividing the exposure concentration by the reference dose (RfD) |
| who are risk managers | agencies like the EPA, WHO, EGLE, and lawmakers |
| natural sources of air pollution | lightning, volcanoes, wildfires, and forests |
| area sources of air pollution | cities, livestock, fertilizer, oil and gas |
| stationary sources of air pollution | industry, power plant, sewage, treatment |
| mobile sources of air pollution | airplanes, cars, trains, buses, motorcycle |
| ambient air pollution | pollution found in the troposphere, air that we breathe |
| criteria air pollutants | the six major air pollutants regulated through the clean air act and its national ambient air quality standards. CO, O3, SO2, NOx, PM2.5, PM10, and Pb |
| primary pollutants | most hydrocarbons and suspended particulates generated from any type of sources |
| secondary pollutants | primary pollutants that react with other particles of chemicals in the atmosphere |
| other words for hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) | toxic air pollutants/air toxics |
| controls | filters, electrostatic precipitators to remove pollutants before emitting gases into the air, changing coal sources, cap and trade, scrubbers, catalytic convertors, better fuel efficiency, and car inspections |
| CO | incomplete combustion of carbon materials, 50% of air pollution, and cause heart problems, from cars cigarettes and fuel burning |
| O3 | lung issues, formed due to light and NOx and VOCs reactions, damages crops and forests |
| SO2 | about 15% of air pollution, secondarily creates aerosols, can cause plant damage and lungs, haze, due to fuel burning smelting vehicles and some natural sources |
| NOx | about 6% of air pollution, issues to lungs and lowers infection resistance, haze and acid deposition, cooling effect, due to vehicles power plants and facilities, naturally lightning volcanoes and microbes |
| PM | about 10% of air pollution, one or more pollutants, haze/smog. 10 microns: dust, dirt, pollen, fossil fuels, and sea salt. 2.5: fossil fuels, power plants (fly ash), inefficient wood stoves smoke, car/truck exhaust |
| Pb | no longer in gas and paint, now from industry and coal |
| air quality index | reports how clean or polluted your air is and what associated health effects might be a concern for you, ranges from 0-500, monitors 5 criteria air pollutants |
| acid rain | precipitation that is more acidic than normal |
| precipitation less than about what pH has additional sources of strong acidity | ~5.6 |
| causes of acid rain | increases in S and N oxide emissions between 1900 and 1970, increased smoke stack height, less reductions to acid forming pollutants, changes in air use |
| when was acid deposition first recognized | 1852 |
| effects of acid deposition | susceptible to plant and animal life stages, acidification soil/water, reduced microbial activity and altered nutrient cycling, leaching, increased solubility and toxicity of soil aluminum, reduced biodiversity |
| do chemical responses or biological responses to reductions in acid rain happen first? | chemical responses and then biological responses later (first short-lived, much later long-lived) |
| potential acid sulfate soils | soils that have metal sulfide in them |
| acid sulfate soils | PASS that have been exposed to oxygen |
Created by:
ethompson238
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