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unit 7

chapter 9

TermDefinition
Cells The basic unit of structure and function in living things
Microscope An instrument used to make small objects look larger.
Cell theory A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. A. All living things are composed of cells B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things C. All cells are produced from other cells
Compound Microscope Focuses light through lenses to produce a magnified image, using two lenses.
Electron Microscope Using beams of electrons to produce a magnified image.
Magnification The condition of things appearing larger then they are, using convex lenses (center is thicker than the edges)
Resolution: The ability to see to details more clearly, the higher the resolution the sharper the image.
Multicellular Made of many cells
Unicellular Made of only ONE cell
Specialized cells Cells that are designed to do specific jobs that help the entire organism function.
Cells make tissues, tissues make organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make an organism.
Elements any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Compounds when 2 or more elements chemically combine.
Compounds that cells need A: Organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic compounds must contain carbon. B: Inorganic compounds: water. Inorganic compounds DO NOT contain carbon.
Carbohydrates energy rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Items that have sugar and starches would be carbohydrates. Examples: potatoes, pasta, rice, and bread
Lipids Fats, oils, and waxes. Examples: whole milk, ice cream, and fried foods.
Proteins large organic molecules made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Examples: meat, dairy, fish, nuts, beans.
Enzymes a group of proteins that helps speed up chemical reactions in living things.
Nucleic Acids Long organic compounds made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids contain the instructions that carry out all the functions of life.
DNA The genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring. Double Helix: Shape of the DNA molecule
Water in cells A. Water is needed for most chemical reactions in cells B. Water helps cells keep their shape. C. Water helps cells maintain their temperature D. Water helps cells carry substances in and out of them
Passive Transport When materials go in and out of the cell WITHOUT using energy.
Diffusion The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis The movement of WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
Selectively permeable means some substances can cross the membrane while others cannot.
Active transport When materials go in and out of the cell using energy.
Endocytosis The cell changes shape and engulfs the particle.
Exocytosis The reverse process, which allows large particles to exit the cell.
RULE #1 Must be made of Cells
RULE # 2 Must be organized: Organization – cells specialize to perform specific functions. Levels: cells make tissue, tissue makes organs, organs make organ systems, organ systems make organisms.
RULE # 3 Types of organisms:
multicellular made of many specialized cells
unicellular made of only 1 cell
RULE # 4 Homeostasis organism’s response to the environment that keeps conditions suitable for life
RULE # 5 Growth and Development
RULE # 6 Reproduction: asexual - all or part of the organism is used to make a new organism, offspring are genetically identical to parent sexual – two cells from different individuals combine to form the first cells of a new organism, traits are inherited from both parents
Organic compounds carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Organic compounds must contain carbon.
Inorganic compounds: water. Inorganic compounds DO NOT contain carbon.
Organelles: the general name of tiny cell structures that carry out specific functions within the cell.
Cell Wall A rigid layer that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms, it protects and supports the cell.
Cell Membrane controls which substances pass into and out of a cell.
Nuclear Membrane the double membrane surrounding the nucleus within a cell. Also called the nuclear envelope. **Not in the textbook**
Nucleolus small round structure in the nucleus where ribosomes are made
Chromatin thin strands of material that fill the nucleus, contains information for directing the cells function.
Nucleus Control center of the cell, directs all of the cells activities.
Ribosomes small grain-shaped organelles that produce proteins.
Cytoplasm jelly-like substance that fills all the open areas in the cell.
Mitochondria Rod-shaped structures that convert energy from food into energy for the cell, nicknamed the “powerhouse”
Endoplasmic Reticulum The ER forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
Golgi apparatus receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the ER, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell or outside the cell wall.
Vacuole stores water, food, and other materials needed by the cell, they can also carry waste products until it is removed.
Chloroplasts captures energy from the sunlight and changes it to a form of energy cells can use in making food.
Lysosomes Contains substances that break down large food particles into smaller ones.
Interphase Longest phase, cell grows up, DNA is replicated and copies of the chromatin is made so there are now chromosomes held together with centromeres
Prophase Cell prepares for division, centrioles appear along with spindle fibers, the nuclear membrane disappears.
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle and attach to the spindle fibers
Anaphase The chromosomes pull apart and move to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase: Two new nuclei form and the cell starts to separate
Cytokinesis: Two new daughter cells are formed and the cycle starts over again
Created by: user-1901356
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