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BIO108 Exam #1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that contains genetic info, double-stranded helix held together by weak hydrogen bonds |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic info and preforms essential functions, single stranded |
| 5'-3' | directional, 5' is where a phosphate is attached to a 5 carbon and the 3' is where the phosphate group is attached to a three carbon |
| nucleotide | a basic building block of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate |
| purine | a type of nitrogenous base that is the building block for DNA and RNA (A & G), two-carbon ring |
| pyrimidine | a type of nitrogenous base that is the building block for DNA and RNA (C & T), one-carbon nitrogenous bases |
| antiparallel | the arrangement of two strands of a molecule where they run parallel to each other in opposite directions |
| nucleus | a membrane-bound organelle within a cell that contains the cell's genetic material |
| nucleolus | a dense structure located within the nucleus of a cell, primarily responsible for producing ribosomes |
| histones | a protein found that as as structure support for chromosomes by tightly wrapping DNA around them |
| nucleoid | region in prokaryotic cell that contains most or all of the genetic material |
| mRNA | single strand molecule that carries genetic code for a protein, ribosomes read the mRNA to synthesize the protein, made from DNA template |
| gene | a segment of DNA or RNA that contains instructions for making proteins |
| promoter | a DNA sequence that signals the start of transcription of a gene, RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to the promoter sequence |
| TATA box | a DNA sequence that indicates where a gene sequence can be read and decoded (TATAAA), located in the promoter region, acts as binding site for TF |
| template strand | the DNA strand that is used as a template to create mRNA or RNA, runs in the 3'-5' to create an RNA that reads 5'-3' |
| non-template strand | the strand of DNA that is not used as a template for RNA synthesis during transcription, matches perfectly to the RNA made (only with U), reads 5'-3' |
| transcription factors | proteins involved in the process of converting, transcribing DNA into RNA, binds to a specific sequence to regulate the rate at which the gene is transcribed |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that "reads" a DNA sequence and transcribes it into a complementary RNA sequence during transcription |
| mRNA processing | the series of modification a newly transcribed RNA molecule undergoes in the nucleus |
| 5' Cap | a modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of a mRNA molecule during RNA processing, protects mRNA from being broken down, helps with export, helps with translation |
| 3' Poly A tail | a chain of adenine nucleotides added to the end of a mRNA, protects strand from degradation, helps move to cytoplasm, helps ribosomes identify and translate it into protein |
| intron | a non-coding sequence located in a gene that is transcribed into RNA then removed during splicing |
| exon | a sequence that codes for amino acids and is a part of a mRNA transcript |
| alternative splicing | a cellular process that allows a single gene to produce multiple proteins, exons from the same gene are joined together in different combinations |
| gene expression | the process by which info encoded in a gene is turned into a function (such as encoding for a protein that is made) |
| tRNA | a small RNA molecule that helps translate genetic information into proteins |
| anticodon | a sequence of three nucleotides in tRNA that matches a codon in mRNA |
| codon | a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid |
| genetic code | a set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides of which corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA, a non-coding RNA that's a key component of ribosomes, the organelles that synthesizes proteins |
| P site | a binding site in the ribosome where tRNA binds to a growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis |
| A site | a binding site on a ribosome where tRNA binds during protein synthesis (the first binding site) |
| E site | exit site, a binding site on the ribosome where uncharged tRNA exits after delivering their amino acid |
| ribosomal subunits | the two parts that make up a ribosome, the small subunit and the large subunit, the small binds first |
| start codon | the first codon in a mRNA transcript that is translated into a protein, AUG |
| stop codon | a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that signals the end of the protein (UAA,UAG,UGA) |
| polyribosomes | a group of ribosomes that translate mRNA into polypeptides |
| release factor | a protein that ends the process of translation by recognizing a stop codon in an mRNA sequence |
| mutation | a change in the DNA sequence of an organisms, virus, or extra chromosomal DNA |
| point mutations | alterations in the DNA sequence where the nucleotide base pair is changed, inserted, or deleted |
| nucleotide-pair substitution | one nucleotide is replaced by another |
| silent mutation | a change in the DNA sequence tat does not affect the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein |
| missense mutation | a substitution results in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein |
| frameshift mutation | a genetic mutation where a number of nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a gene sequence, resulting in a shift in the reading frame of the gene |
| nonsense mutation | the substition creates a stop codon, prematurely ending the protein (truncation) |
| deletion | a genetic mutation where a segment of DA is missing from the chromosome |
| insertion | a mutation where one or more nucleotide base pairs are added to a DNA sequence |
| genome | an organism's complete set of DNA including all of its genes |
| haploid | a cell that contains only one set of chromosomes |
| diploid | a cell or organism that contains two complete sets of chromosomes |
| transposons | jumping genes, segments that can move around within a cell's genome |
| retrotransposons | genetic elements that move around in an organism by converting RNA to DNA |
| transposable elements | genetic sequences that can move around within a genome |
| telomere | protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that are made of DNA and protein |
| chromatin | a complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, main function is to package DNA into a compact form that can fit inside the cell |
| centromere | a constricted region of a chromosome that joins sister chromatids during cell division, ensure each daughter cell receives a copy of every chromosome |
| pseudogenes | DNA segments that look like genes but are unable to produce proteins |
| Alu elements | short DNA sequences that move around the genome and are found in primates |
| simple sequence DNA | short, repeated sequences of nucleotides that appear throughout the genome of eukaryotes |
| bioinformatics | a scientific field that uses computers to analyze biological data |
| cell cycle | a series of events that a cell undergoes as it grows, replicates its DNA, and divides into two daughter cells, includes: Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
| semiconservative | the process by which DNA is copied in all known cells |
| origin of replication | a specific DNA sequence on a chromosome where DNA replication begins, it acts as a recognition site for proteins involved in DNA replication, prokaryotes have one and eukaryotes have many |
| replication fork | a Y-shaped structure that forms when DNA is replicated |
| helicase | enzymes that unwind DNA and RNA strands, break hydrogen bonds between base pairs and "unzips" |
| binding proteins | proteins that have the ability to bind to specific molecules, such as ions, small molecules, or other proteins |
| primers | a short single stranded nucleic acid sequence that acts as a starting point for DNA synthesis, allows DNA-polymerase to begin building a new DNA strand by providing a space to attach to on the template |
| primase | an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers |
| DNA polymerase III | a key enzyme that synthesizes DNA in bacterial cells |
| DNA polymerase I | an enzyme that helps replicate DNA in prokaryotes |
| sliding clamp | a ring-shaped protein that encircles DNA and helps with DNA replication, repair, and cell cycle control, binds to DNA polymerase and tethers to the template |
| leading strand | a strand of new DNA that is synthesized continuously in the same direction as the replication fork |
| lagging strand | one of two strands of DNAS found at the replication fork or junction in the double helix, there is a slight delay before undergoing replication |
| okazaki fragments | short DNA segments that are created during DNA replication, found on the lagging strand of DNA and are essential for cell division |
| DNA ligase | an enzyme that joins DNA strands together by forming phosphodiester bonds, joins two fragments by form a covalent bond between 5' phosphate and a 3' hydroxyl |
| topoisomerase | enzyme that controls the structure of DNA by cutting ad rejoining DNA strands |
| telomeres | DNA sequences and proteins that protect the ends of chromosomes, fund in most eukaryotes |
| binary fission | a type of asexual reproduction where a cell splits into two identical daughter cells |
| M phase | mitosis, the stage of the cell cycle when a cell divides into two identical daughter cells |
| prophase | the first stage of cell division in mitosis and meiosis, DNA condenses into visible chromosomes and the mitotic spindle begins to form |
| prometaphase | the second stage of mitosis the process that separates a cell's duplicated DNA into two identical daughter cells, nuclear membrane breaks down |
| metaphase | a stage of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, where chromosomes condense and align in the middle of a cell, The nucleus dissolves, Chromosomes condense and move together, Chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle |
| anaphase | the stage of mitosis when sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of a cell |
| telophase | the final stage of cell division, where the chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, a new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, and the cell essentially prepares to split into two separate daughter cells by dividing the cytoplasm |
| mitotic spindle | a complex structure that separates chromosomes during cell division. It's made of microtubules, proteins, and motors, and it's a vital part of maintaining genome integirty |
| sister chromatids | identical copies of a chromosome that are joined at the centromere |
| centrosome | an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of the animal cell, as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression |
| kinetochore | a protein complex that connects chromosomes to microtubules during cell division. It's a key part of chromosome segregation |
| metaphase plate | an imaginary line that divides a cell in half, where chromosomes align during cell division |
| cytokinesis | the final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm of a single cell is physically divided into two separate daughter cells, essentially completing the process of cell division by splitting the cellular contents after the nucleus has divided |
| cell plate | a structure that forms in the middle of a plant cell during cell division, separating the dividing cells. It's made up of vesicles that contain enzymes, structural proteins, and glucose molecules |
| checkpoint | specific stage within the meiotic process where the cell pauses to verify that crucial events like proper chromosome pairing and alignment have occurred before proceeding to the next phase |
| cyclin | proteins that regulate the cell cycle, Cyclins are produced and degraded at different stages of the cell cycle, cyclins bind to specific CDKs to form complexes that are active during specific stages of the cell cycle |
| cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) | a family of enzymes that regulate the cell cycle and other cellular processes. They are found in all eukaryotic cells. |
| kinase MPF | protein kinase that controls the cell cycle from G2- to M-phase |
| G0 phase | a resting phase of the cell cycle when a cell is not dividing or preparing to divide |
| G1 phase | the first stage of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. It's a growth phase where cells prepare for cell division by making proteins and mRNA. |
Created by:
epmartin17
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