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Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gene | Piece of DNA that codes for a trait |
| Allele | Variation of a gene |
| Genotype | Letter represented by alleles (Aa) |
| Phenotype | Physical trait (brown fur) |
| Dominant | The allele that is expressed more than the recessive |
| Recessive | Lowercase letter allele hidden by dominant |
| AA | Homologous dominant |
| Aa | Heterozygous dominant |
| aa | Homologous recessive |
| Sex-linked traits | Genes for these traits are found on the x or y chromosome (depends on sex) |
| Autosomal traits | Genes for these traits are found on chromosomes 1-22 |
| P1 generation | Parental generation |
| F1 | Offspring of P1 |
| F2 | Offspring of F1 |
| Law of dominance | In a cross of two traits only one trait will show and that will be the dominant trait |
| Law of segregation | During gamete formation, the 2 alleles for a trait separate from one another (1/2 of possible alleles end in gamete) |
| Law of independent assortment | Alleles separate independently during gamete formation (chromosomes line up randomly and independently during meiosis) |
| Monohybrid cross follows... | the inheritance of one gene |
| Dihybrid crosses follow... | the inheritance of two genes |
| Codominance | Dominant and recessive phenotypes don't change, but heterozygote expresses both phenotypes |
| Incomplete dominance | Heterozygous phenotypes do not change but heterozygote is a blend of the 2 phenotypes. Neither homozygous phenotype appears in the heterozygote but a unique 3rd phenotype |
| Polygenic Traits | Traits whose phenotype is controlled by more than one gene (eye color and skin color) |
| Multiple Alleles | Two possible versions of gene that can be inherited |
| Pedigress | Visual charts that depict a family history or the transmission of a specific trait |
| Rules for identifying Autosomal DOMINANT Traits | 1. Trait appears in every generation (no skipping generations) 2. Every offspring with the trait has at least one parent with the trait 3. Both males and females equally affected 4. Unaffected parents do not have offspring with trait |
| Rules for identifying Autosomal RECESSIVE Traits | 1. Trait can skip generations 2. Unaffected parents can have offspring with the trait, but two affected parents only have affected children 3. Both males and females equally affected 4. Appears more frequently in offspring of consanguineous parings |
| Rules for X-linked DOMINANT Traits (Sex-Linked) | 1. Both males and females affected, but often more females 2. Does not skip generations 3. Affected males must have affected mother 4. Affected fathers pass on trait to all daughters 5. Affected daughter must have either affected one or both parents |
| Rules for X-linked RECESSIVE Traits (Sex-Linked) | 1. More males than females affected 2. Trait can skip generations 3. Affected sons are typically born to unaffected mothers 4. Daughters can have the trait only if their father is affected 5. It is never passed father to son |
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