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bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a mutation? | changes in dna sequence |
| list 3 things that can cause mutation | radiation, chemicals, mistakes in dna replication |
| Substitution : | one base for another, not changing sequence. |
| Insertion : | One base is added to the DNA sequence, changing the sequence by one. |
| Deletion : | One base is deleted , changing sequence. |
| Why were all the words in the chromosomes only 3 letters long? | Because DNA is counted in 3. |
| Which of the three mutations is the least harmful? Why? | Substitution, because it swaps one for another, not changing the whole sequence. |
| Which of the following mutations could be passed to offspring? a) translocation in a cheek cell b) duplication in a female's egg c) frameshift mutation in male sperm d) inversion in a chromosome of a liver cell. THERE IS MORE THAN ONE! | b and c |
| Why were b and c correct? | because they produce offspring |
| WHAT ARE THE FOUR BASES FOUND IN DNA | Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine. |
| When are substitution mutations usually made? WHY? | DNA replication, flexibility of molecule. |
| A silent mutation is a kind of mutation that changes a base within the sequence, but the result stays the same kind of amino acid. Why does it have no effect on the overall protein? | Because it only changes one base pair. |
| What does insertion mutation do to the sequence? | Inserts, moving bases up by one. |
| What does deletion mutation do to the sequence? | Deletes, moves everything by one. |
| Chromosome mutation : | involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes |
| Gene mutation : | a change in one or more genes. |
| DNA stores genetic instructions for making __ called ___ | proteins, genes. |
| Ribose is the sugar found in __, while Deoxyribose is the sugar in __ | RNA, DNA. |
| In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in the __ | nucleus |
| DNA has __ strand(s) of nucleotides whereas RNA has __ strand(s) of nucleotides. | two, one. |
| DNA'S nucleotide strands are __ | complementary |
| Rosalind Franklin's work with x-ray diffraction helped determine DNA's shape as being __ | helical |
| The __ model of DNA was developed by James Watson and Francis Crick. | double helix |
| DNA codes for the instructions for life in its sequence of __ | nitrogen bases |
| to copy DNA, __ bonds are broken between ___. | hydrogen, nitrogen base pairs. |
| when DNA is replicated, new nucleotides attach to the open ladder by using the __ rules. | nitrogen base-pairing |
| According to Erwin Chargaff's rule, guanine bonds to __ and adenine bonds to __. | cytosine, thymine. |
| What is the process of creating two identical molecules of DNA using original nucleotide strands as templates for the new nucleotide strands? | DNA replication |
| What is the enzyme that unwinds and separates the two DNA strands of nucleotides? | helicase |
| What is the enzyme that bonds new strands of nucleotides onto the open DNA ladder? | polymerase |
| What is the stringy form of DNA and associated proteins called? | Chromatin |
| What are proteins that help the DNA coil into chromosomes? | Histone |
| In mitosis, which cell divided to produce more body cells? | Parent cell |
| In mitosis, which cells are created or produced? | Daughter cells |
| What are the two identical strands of DNA coiled up into chromosomes called? | duplicated chromosome/ sister chromatids |
| DNA ladder reads, "TACCAGA," what will other side read? | ATGGTCT |
| A duplicated chromosome has two identical ___ | sister chromatids |
| T OR F, humans have 46 chromosomes in each body cell? | Yes, humans typically have 46 chromosomes in each body cell, which is made up of 23 pairs of chromosomes; one set coming from the mother and the other from the father. |
| T or F, the two DNA molecules produced during DNA replication are identical | Yes, the two DNA molecules produced during DNA replication are considered identical to each other and to the original DNA molecule. |
| T or F, DNA is replicated four times before cell division starts | F. DNA is replicated only once before cell division starts |
| When a human body cell divides, the daughter cells will have 23 chromosomes each. | Each daughter cell will have half of the original 46 chromosomes, or 23 chromosomes. Yes. |
| Cancer is uncontrolled cell division | yes |
| A tumor is the death of new cells producing a mass of cells | False, tumors are growth. |
| The cell cycle begins and ends at the start of __ | interphase |
| A __ tumor has not spread, while a __ tumor has spread throughout the body. | benign, malignant. |
| During cytokinesis in plants, a __ forms, completing cell division. | cell plate |
| ___ has three phases, G1, S, and G2. | interphase |
| During ___ DNA replication occurs; forming sister chromatids. | S phase. |
| Many cells of the body such as nerve cells do not repeatedly go through the cell cycle; rather these cells pause at ___, which is where normal growth and maturation occurs in cells. | G1 phase |
| Order of mitosis phases? | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis |
| Fibers that connect chromosomes to the centrioles, aids in the division of sister chromatids | spindle |
| location where the spindle attaches to the sister chromatid/duplicated chromosome | centremeres |
| Sister chromatids come apart and move away to opposite sides of the cell. What phase is this? | Anaphase |
| Chromatin coils into chromosomes and becomes visible, nuclear envelope dissolves. What phase is this? | Prophase |
| Two new nuclei are visible as nuclear envelopes reform; chromosomes uncoil into chromatin. What phase is this? | Telophase |
| Chromosomes are pulled and lined up in the middle of the cell by the spindle. What phase is this? | Metaphase |
| ____ is the final step of cell division, it physically separates the cell's cytoplasm into two new cells. In animals cells the two new cells pinch off from each other. | Cytokinesis |
| Prophase | This is the first phase of mitosis. The genetic material in the nucleus condenses and the duplicated chromosomes become visible. Spindle fibers connect to the chromosomes on either side. |
| Metaphase | This is the second phase of mitosis. The centromeres of duplicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. The spindle fibers and centrioles connect to the chromosomes on either side. |
| Anaphase | This is the third phase. The chromosomes will be separated and move apart to opposite sides of the cell. The sister chromatids are considered separate chromosomes. The spindle fibers |
| Telophase | Final stage of mitosis. The chromosomes turn back into a tangle of chromatin. The nuclear envelope of the nucleus redevelops. Cytokinesis occurs at the end of this phase to split the cytoplasm. |
| G0 phase | Resting place in interphase where the cell is not dividing nor preparing to. |
| G1 phase | the growth phase, where cells are provisioned with metabolites while most biosynthesis occurs. |
| S phase | the stage of the cell cycle where DNA is copied, or synthesized. |
| G2 phase | The second growth phase starts to prepare the cells with newly replicated DNA for entry into the mitosis phase by putting in place the necessary organelles for mitosis. |
| Centromere | a constricted region of a chromosome |
| Centriole | a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. |
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