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Speciation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 working definitions of species? | Biological species concept, morphological species concept, recognition species, cohesion species, ecological species. |
| Define the definition of species in a biological concept. | Two organisms are in the same species when they can produce fertile, viable offspring in free-ranging conditions. It emphasizes reproductive isolation. |
| What is the limitation of the biological species concept? | It does not work for classifying extinct or asexually reproducing species. |
| Define the definition of species in a morphological concept. | Species are classified based on their anatomical differences. |
| What is the limitation of the morphological species concept? | It assumes that morphological differences are the result of substantial genetic differences between individuals. |
| What is the definition of species in the recognition concept? | Species are classified based upon their courtship rituals (genetic, morphological, and behavioral) and mate selection. |
| What is the limitation of the recognition species concept? | It does not work for classifying extinct or asexually reproducing species. |
| What is the definition of species in the cohesion concept? | Species are classified based upon the mechanisms they use to maintain the phenotypic integrity of the population. One example is reproductive barriers. |
| What is the advantage of the cohesion species concept? | It recognizes the occurrence of fertile hybrids produced by interbreeding of 2 different species while acknowledging the integrity of the parent species. |
| What is the limitation of the cohesion species concept? | It does not work for classifying extinct species. |
| What is the definition of species in the ecological concept | Species are classified based on their ecological niche or role in the environment. If 2 different animals share similar ecological niche in terms of diet and life history, then they are considered to be members of the same species. |
| What is the limitation of the ecological species concept? | The ecological niche encompasses a vast array of details involving the life history of an organism some of which may be difficult to observe in nature and may be completely lacking in the fossil record. |
| Allopatric speciation | A type of speciation that can occur when a geographical barrier divides a population. |
| Alloploidy | A type of polyploidy in which the chromosomes come from 2 different species. |
| Autopolyploidy | A type of polyploidy in which all of the chromosomes come from the same species. |
| Ecological niche | All of an organism's adaptations, its use of resources, and the life history that it has is in its community. |
| Founder effect | The directionally random evolution (genetic drift) that results in a small isolated subpopulation. |
| Marsupial | Members of the superorder Marsupialia. The taxonomic group of mammals characterized by embryonic development in a pouch. |
| Nondisjunction | The failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis. |
| Placental | Having a placenta, as in members of the mammalian superorder Eutheria. |
| Polyploidy | A condition in which an organism or a cell has 3 or more complete sets of the typical chromosome complement. |
| Stabilizing selection | A form of natural selection in which the extremes are selected against. |
| Sympatric speciation | The formation of new species from a subpopulation that is physically located among the parent population. |
| Tetraploid | Having 4n number of chromosomes. |
| Species | A group of organisms that can breed with one another in a wild, free-ranging condition to produce fertile offspring. |
| Isolation can result in the formation of ___. | New species |
| Give an example of two animals that can be artificially bred to produce an offspring that is infertile. | Horse and donkey, lion and tiger |
| Adaptive radiation | The evolution of many related species from an ancestral species in a relatively short time. |
| When does adaptive radiation occur? | When the ancestral species exploits many new ecological niches. |
| What does geographic isolation result in? | Interrupted gene flow between 2 populations. |
| Genetic divergence | Indicate genetic makeup of the isolated populations differs from the parent species. |
| Reproductive isolation | Takes place when populations cannot interbreed because they are isolated reproductively. |
| What are the 2 types of reproductive isolation? | Prezygotic isolation and postzygotic isolation |
| Prezygotic isolation | Barriers to reproductive events that take place before fertilization. |
| Postzygotic isolation | Barriers to reproduction that occur after fertilization has taken place. |
| What do prezygotic isolation mechanisms include? | Isolation by habitat, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation. |
| Isolation by habitat | Organisms that live in different habitats are much less likely to have contact with each other and mate. |
| Behavioral isolation | Courtship behaviors prior to mating can be species specific. If a courtship behavior is neither recognized nor desirable to an organism, it will not mate. |
| Temporal isolation | Organisms that mate at different times or have different breeding seasons will not be able to mate together. |
| Mechanical isolation | If reproductive organs do not fit between different populations, individuals will be unable to mate. |
| What are the 3 categories of postzygotic isolation? | Hybrid viability, hybrid fertility, and hybrid breakdown. |
| Hybrid viability | The zygote may not survive long after fertilization, resulting in spontaneous abortion. |
| Hybrid infertility | The resulting zygote will develop into a viable organism but will not be able to reproduce. Such as a mule. |
| Hybrid breakdown | The resulting zygote will develop into a viable organism and may be able to reproduce, but the offspring of the hybrid might not be viable or successful and might be infertile. |
| What are the 2 theories as to how species arise? | Gradualism, punctuated equilibrium |
| Punctuated equilibrium | The theory that new species develop in periods of rapid change followed by long periods of no change. |
| Why do scientists dispute the theory of gradualism? | Lack of transition fossils. |
| Transition fossils found to date support the ___ model of evolution. | Punctuated equilibrium model |
| List the reasons for extinction. | Rarity, limited dispersal ability, interbreeding, hybridization, successional loss of habitat, long-term environmental trends, catastrophe, extinction of reduction of mutualist population, competition, predators, disease, hunting and collecting |
| Theory | A comprehensive explanation based on a broad set of observations. To qualify as a theory, the explanation must have overwhelming evidence that supports it. |
| Hypothesis | A proposed explanation for an observation. |
| This attempts to explain how the first life on earth evolved. | The heterotroph hypothesis |
| Prokaryote | A one-celled organism that lacks a membrane. There are 2 types; bacteria and archaea. |
| Eukaryote | An organism that has a nuclear membrane in its cell. |
| Stromatolites | Dome-shaped fossils of bacteria that are between 3.5 to 4 billion years old. |
| Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane | Hypothesized that the conditions of primitive Earth consisted of a reducing atmosphere, which is an appropriate atmosphere for the synthesis of carbon-containing molecules- the molecules of life. |
| Biotic | Refers to living organisms in the environment. |
| Abiotic | Refers to the nonliving environment. |
| What are the molecules involved in the reducing atmosphere? | Methane, water vapor, ammonia |
| Oxidizing atmosphere | Contains high amounts of oxygen. It is not favorable for synthesizing organic molecules because grabbing electrons is not conducive to making bonds. |
| Why are the chemicals in a reducing atmosphere allow the formation of bonds? | Because electrons are being donated. |
| Miller and Urey | Synthesized small organic molecules in an experiment that reproduced the proposed conditions of primitive Earth. |
| Sydney Fox | Polymerized small organic molecules by simulating conditions of primitive Earth. |
| What are the factors in converting an abiotic world into a biotic world? | The synthesis of biological molecules, polymerization of molecules, collection of molecules into aggregates, and heredity. |
| Protobionts | Aggregates of molecules that might have been precursors to cells. |
| What are the 3 different types of protobionts? | Coacervates, microspheres, liposomes. |
| What processes the 3 types of protobionts? | Heterotroph |
| Coacervates | Aggregates of polymerized molecules, such as starches and proteins, that self-assemble. |
| Polymers | Molecules made up of individual subunits bonded together to make one long chain. |
| Proteinoids | Abiotically produced polypeptides that self-assemble to form microspheres. |
| Microspheres | Formed when proteinoids self-assemble to surround water and exhibit some characteristics of a membrane. |
| Microspheres are selectively permeable and can set up a ___. | Charge differential |
| Liposome | A shell of lipids that self-assembles to surround water and molecules. Can take in materials and can grow and then split. |
| To form life, the synthesis of carbon-containing molecules, ___, ___, and ___ are necessary. | Polymerization, aggregation, reproduction. |
| T or F. RNA may been the first genetic material. | True |
| T or F. Ribozyme is an RNA catalyst. | True |
| Eigen (1970) | Found that small portions of RNA can self-replicate. RNA's ability to self-replicate means that RNA can make a complementary strand of itself without enzymes. |
| What is added to the long strands of RNA in order for it to be replicated? | Zinc |
| What can RNA do that could be the possible explanation for life to form from an abiotic environment? | Reproduce itself, bind to amino acids, make chains of amino acids that can act as catalysts. |
| RNA could have given rise to ___. ___ can make DNA from RNA. | DNA, retroviruses |
| Who proposed that humans and other living primates share a common ancestry? | Darwin |
| What are some of the characteristics that primates share with humans? | Nails instead of claws, eyes facing forward, extended period of care for their young |
| The Linnaean system | A classification system that helps to place organisms into distinct categories. The categories reflect the degree that organisms are related. |
| Humans and apes differ by: | Shape of the skull, curvature of the spine, position of the pelvis, length of the arms |
| What 2 major orders did primates split into? | Prosimii, anthropoidea |
| Prosimii | A suborder of primates that includes lemurs and tarsiers. |
| Anthropoidea | A suborder of primates that includes gorillas and humans. |
| Data collected from the fossil record indicate the first primates were ___ that existed more than ___ million years ago. | Arboreal insectivores, 60 |
| How many years ago did the arboreal primates split into 2 main lineages or suborders? | 55 million years ago |
| Where are Lemurs found? | Africa, Madagascar, Asia |
| Tarsiers | Are nocturnal and can be found on isolated islands in Southeast Asia |
| What does prosimii mean? | Premonkey |
| How long have anthropoids existed? | At least 40 million years ago. |
| The anthropoid suborder includes: | New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, four genera of apes, and humans. |
| T or F. Records indicate that New World monkeys and Old World monkeys have been evolving separately for millions of years. | True |
| Members of the Old World monkeys include: | Macaques, rhesus monkeys, baboons, and proboscis monkeys. |
| What are some of the characteristics that separate apes from monkeys? | Larger body size with proportionally long arms and short legs and no tails, primarily terrestrial living, high level of socialization, larger brains relative to body size. |
| Human evolution is characterized by ___ jaw size and ___ brain size. | Decreasing, increasing |
| T or F. Phylogenetic trees are constructed based on fossil evidence. | True |
| Raymond Dart (1924) | Discovered the first fossil of an early human (hominid). |
| The genus Homo emerged ___ may. | 2.8 |
| Homo ___ made stone tools. | Habilis |
| What is the Linnaean system classification in order from the least specific to the most specific? | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
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