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NURS 319 Exam 1
Renal & Urologic Disorders Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What organ is the cleaner of the body? | the kidney |
| ESRD | End-Stage Renal Disease |
| GFR (term and normal range) | Glomerular Filtration Rate, 90-120mL/min |
| Tubular Reabsorption | the process of needed particles being reabsorbed back into the blood following glomerular filtration |
| Tubular Secretion | the process of excreting not needed particles in the blood into the collecting duct |
| Glomerular Filtration | the pushing out of particles from an area of greater to lesser concentration |
| Bowman's capsule | a cup-like sac or structure that surrounds the glomerulus and catches filtrate produced from it |
| Renal corpuscle | the entire filter component of the kidney, contains the Bowman's capsule and the Glomerulus and has slits to allow for passage of filtrates |
| Proximal Tubule | the first segment following Bowman's Capsule that reabsorbs majority of filtrate |
| Loop of Henle | concentrates filtered fluid (ascending or descending loop of henle) |
| Distal Tubule | the last segment before the collecting duct that regulates absorption of water and sodium |
| Collecting Duct | additional water reabsorbed, last segment of the nephron |
| Give a simple explanation for how acid-base balance is established (definition) | H+ ions and bicarbonate are excreted or reabsorbed as needed to establish pH |
| Creatine (Cr) | A byproduct of protein breakdown |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | A secretory hormone that tells bone marrow to increase RBC's in response to hypoxia |
| Renin | A secretory hormone that raises blood pressure by activating the RAAS system |
| What does RAAS stand for? | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone |
| Gluconeogenesis | The creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as proteins or lipids |
| Renal Osteodystrophy | a bone disease that develops from chronic kidney disease |
| Ischemic injury | Injury resulting from no oxygen |
| Uropathy | The obstruction of urine flow that can cause a fluid backup in the kidney leading to damage of the renal pelvis |
| Edema | Swelling that occurrs from excess fluid buildup in the tissues |
| Costovertebral Angle (CVA) Tenderness | back pain in the region of the 12th rib that indicates a kidney problem |
| Hematuria | Blood in urine |
| Renal Calculi | Kidney stone |
| Proteinuria | Protein in urine, makes urine look foamy |
| Specific Gravity | Measures particles in urine |
| Bilirubin | old, dead RBC that become a part of bile |
| Urobilinogen | a byproduct of the liver's processing of bilirubin |
| Urolithiasis | the formation of kidney stones in the urinary tract (ureter) |
| Casts | shells of blood cells that are no longer red blood cells |
| Clean-catch | wipe, then pee in a cup for urinalysis |
| Dipstick | indicator stick dipped into cup of pee for urinalysis |
| Urine culture | a test that reveals the presence or absence of bacteria |
| Blood Urea Nitrogen | a blood test that measures the amount of urea (waste) in the blood |
| Azotemia | Increase of BUN in the blood |
| Uremia | extremely high levels of urea and other waste products in the blood |
| Creatine clearance | a blood and urine test that is used to assess GFR and renal function over a 24 hour period |
| Intravenous Pyelography (IVP) | injecting fluorescent dye through IV to visualize the kidney |
| Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) | an abrupt insult to the kidney that rapidly decreases kidney function and can lead to damage if not treated quickly |
| Prenatal AKI | decrease in renal blood flow and perfusion to the kidney |
| Intrarenal AKI | actual injury to the kidney |
| Postrenal AKI | Obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys |
| Hypovolemia | low blood volume or fluid in the vessels |
| Prolonged renal hypoperfusion | not enough blood flow over a period of time that leads to acute tubular necrosis (ATN) |
| Acute Tubular Necrosis | Ischemia and hypoxia damage to the nephron |
| Oliguria | reduced or low urine output |
| Pyelonephritis | infection of the kidney |
| Post-streptococcal Glomerulonephritis | build up of strep bacteria in the filtration slits of Bowman's capsule |
| Nephrotoxic drugs | medications that can damage the nephrons |
| ACE Inhibitors | A medication that stops the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 by blocking the action of the angiotensin converting enzyme |
| Hydronephrosis | urine backs up into the kidney |
| Neurogenic bladder | Damage to the nerves that make the kidney function, resulting in some paralysis and loss of kidney functions |
| Prostate Gland Hyperplasia | extra growth of cells (benign) on the prostate gland resulting in added pressure being placed on the urethra, leading to hydronephrosis |
| Four Phases of AKI (names and definitions) | 1) Initial Insult: a prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal condition that disrupts kidney function 2) Oliguria: Low GFR, lack of urine output, fluid overload 3) Diuresis: Large, unconcentrated urine outflow 4) Recovery: healthy nephrons take over |
| Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) | Inflammation of the glomerulus from an infection |
| Nephritic Syndrome | Inflammation that damages the membranes of the glomerulus |
| Albuminuria | when an excessive amount of a protein that is usually in the blood is present in the urine |
| Periorbital edema | Swelling of the tissues surrounding the eyes |
| ASO titer | (Anti-streptolysin O) titer --> a test that looks for antigens to the strep virus |
| Nephrotic Syndrome | glomerular damage resulting in proteinuria and edema |
| Hyperlipidemia | high amount of lipids in the blood (typically due to liver damage) |
| Cystolithiasis | kidney stones in the bladder |
| Hyperparathyroidism | too much parathyroidism leading to excess calcium excretion in the urine |
| Four main types of renal calculi | Calcium, Struvite, Uric acid, Cystine |
| Pyuria | WBCs or pus in the urine |
| Pyelonephritis | Infection of the renal pelvis, but not the kidney |
| Vesicoureteral reflux | the backward flow of urine into renal pelvis, usually due to a anatomical abnormality |
| Dysuria | difficulty urinating |
| CECT | Contrast-enhanced helical/spiral computer tomography |
| Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) | the formation of cysts on the kidney and other organs that can lead to renal function impairment |
| ADPKD | Autosomal Dominant PKD |
| Uremic Encephalopathy | too much urea (toxins) is in the blood, leading to cognitive decline |
| Thrombocytopenia | the destruction of thrombocytes (platelets) |
| Hyperkalemia | a high level of potassium in the blood |
| Hypocalcemia | a low level of calcium in the blood |
| CRF (what it stands for) | Chronic Renal Failure |
| Detrusor muscle | the major muscle of the bladder |
| Micturition reflex | controls the explosion of urine from the bladder |
| Hydroureter | the ureter is larger than normal due to a backup of urine |
| Polymicrobial infection | more than one bug |
| CAUTI (what it stands for) | Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections |
| Urosepsis | Bacteria in the blood, resulting from acute, severe illness |
| Asymptomatic Bacteriuria (ASB) | presence of bacteria in the urine but without any symptoms |
| Stress incontinence | urine leaks involuntarily out of the bladder during activities that increase abdominal pressure |
| Overactive bladder (OAB) | the Detrusor muscle is overactive, causing a constant urge to pee |
| Overflow incontinence | urine leaks involuntarily out of the bladder when the bladder becomes too full |
| Neurogenic bladder | spinal cord disorders resulting in loss of urinary control (catherization required) |
| Functional incontinence | inability to hold urine or difficult to reach restroom in time |
| KUB x-ray | x-ray of the kidney, ureter, and bladder |
| Urodynamic testing | electrode testing that evaluates the function of the lower urinary tract |
| Postvoid residual volume | a measurement of the amount of urine left in the bladder following urination |
| Cotton swab test | a sterile cotton swab is inserted transurethrally into the bladder to assess mobility and strength of the bladder sphincter |
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