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DNA & Replication
DNA & DNA Replication
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | Molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms |
| A gene | Section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for traits |
| Functions of DNA | DNA contains genetic information needed for all cells, contains genes passed down from parents to offspring, codes for the production of proteins |
| Double Helix | The two - stranded twisted structure of DNA |
| Nucleotide | The monomer of DNA. Made up of three parts: phosphate, 5 carbon Deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous base |
| Covalent Bonds | Strong bond that is formed when electrons are shared between two atoms. Covalent bonds hold the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of the next nucleotide. |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak bond between hydrogen and an atom of oxygen or nitrogen. Hydrogen bonds hold the base pairs together. Two hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine. Three hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine |
| Antiparallel DNA strands | DNA is an antiparallel molecule. This means its strands run in opposite directions of each other in order to allow its bases to meet in the middle. |
| Cytosine | The "C" base of DNA. It always pairs with guanine via three hydrogen bonds. It is an pyrimidine which means it contains only one ring. |
| Guanine | The "G" base of DNA. It always pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. It is a purine which means it contains two rings |
| Thymine | The "T" base of DNA. It always pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds. It is a pyrimidine which means it contains only one ring |
| Adenine | The "A" base of DNA. It always pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds. It is a purine which it means it contains two rings. |
| Chargaff's rule | States, base pairs are always adenine with thymine (A-T) and cytosine with guanine (C-G). The percentage of adenine must always equal the percentage of thymine and the percentage of cytosine must always equal the percentage of guanine in a sample of DNA |
| Universal genetic code | all the sequences of bases that code for a particular protein and determines the traits of an individual |
| Central Dogma of Biology | explanation of the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is transcribed into mRNA which goes to the ribosome where it is used as a template to construct protein. |
| Fredrich Miescher | First to discover DNA and isolate a nucleic acid in 1869. |
| Fredrich Griffith | In 1928 discovers that bacteria contain a molecule that can transfer genetic information (transformation). DNA was the molecule of inheritance. |
| Oswald Avery | In 1944, provided evidence to show Griffith had discovered DNA; DNA transform cell properties. |
| Edwin Chargaff | In 1944-1950, discovered the ratio of A to T and the ratio of C to G are both 1:1; Chargaff’s rule. |
| Rosalind Franklin | In 1952, used crystallography to make Photo 51, a clear image of DNA showing that DNA is shaped in the form of a helix. |
| James Watson & Francis Crick | In 1953, used Franklin’s work to build a model of DNA consisting of a twisted double helix with bases connecting the two strands. |
| Histones | The protein that DNA is tightly coiled around |
| Nucleosome | Is formed when DNA and the histone form a bead like structure. It allows long chains of DNA to be condensed into a small amount of space. |
| DNA Replication | The process of copying DNA. Includes four stages: initiation, primer synthesis, elongation, termination. Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells during the s-phase of interphase. |
| Semi-conservative model | During DNA replication, each new DNA molecule produced contains one strand of the original strand and one new strand |
| Enzymes | Proteins that can build up or break down the substances that they act upon and/or have the ability to speed up chemical reactions |
| Helicase | An enzyme used in DNA replication that unwinds or unzips the double helix by breaking down the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. Forms a replication fork as it unwinds the strands. |
| Topoisomerase | An enzyme used in DNA replication that prevents the DNA double helix from becoming too tightly wound by breaking the phosphate backbone in the supercoiled double helix before helicase |
| RNA Primase | An enzyme used in DNA replication that makes an RNA primer sequence that will direct DNA polymerase where to add nucleotides. |
| DNA Polymerase | An enzyme used in DNA replication that builds the new strand of DNA by adding complementary nucleotides to the new strand. The DNA polymerase also proofreads the nucleotide sequence to check for mismatches |
| Ligase | An enzyme used in DNA replication that joins broken DNA fragments together often times binding Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand together. |
| Single Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBPs) | Proteins used in DNA replication that coat the DNA around the replication fork to prevent if from rewinding during replication. |
| Leading Strand | The newly formed DNA strands made in the same direction as the replication fork which means it can be made continuously |
| Lagging Strand | The newly formed DNA strand made in the opposite direction of the replication fork which means it is made discontinuously and in fragments called Okazaki fragments. |
| Origin of Replication | Location on the DNA strand where replication begins. It is the location where helicase first binds. The origin point has many A-T pairs because two hydrogen bonds are easier to break than three hydrogen bonds in C-G pairs. |
| Replication Fork | The Y-shaped structure formed when helicase unravels the DNA strand |
| Replication Bubble | The area of replication formed during DNA replication made by two replication forks moving in opposite directions. |
| DNA Replication - Initiation | The first step of DNA Replication when helicase binds to the origin and begins to unwind the DNA, topoisomerase prevents supercoiling of the DNA strand, and single stranded binding proteins prevent the strand for rewinding. |
| DNA Replication - Primer Synthesis | The second step of DNA replication when RNA primase creates a strand of RNA nucleotides (primer) to tell DNA polymerase where it can begin |
| DNA Replication - Elongation | The third step of DNA replication when DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction to create a new strand of DNA off the parent strand. |
| DNA Replication - Termination | The final step of DNA replication when ligase fills any gaps in the DNA strand. Two identical DNA molecules have been created. |
| DNA Polymerase III | The enzyme used in DNA replication that adds new DNA nucleotides to create the new strand of DNA off of the parent strand. |
| DNA Polymerase I | The enzyme used in DNA replication that removes the RNA primer and replaces the RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides. |
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