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A&P Quiz 1
Chapter 1-2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | studies form and structure of the body |
| Physiology | examines how the body functions |
| Microscopic Anatomy | examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye |
| Systemic Anatomy | studies the anatomy of each functional body system/used for bachelor level |
| Regional Anatomy | examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body/used for graduate and medical school |
| Surface Anatomy | focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures |
| Comparative Anatomy | study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species |
| Embryology | studies developmental changes from conception to birth |
| Neurophysiology | the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs |
| Respiratory Physiology | the functioning of respiratory organs |
| Reproductive Physiology | the functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle |
| Pathophysiology | the relationship of how diseases, injuries, or other conditions cause physical and functional changes to the body |
| Metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body composed of anabolism and catabolism |
| Anabolism | small molecules joined to form larger ones |
| Catabolism | large molecules broken down into smaller ones |
| Growth and Development | assimilate materials form the environment; often increase in size; increase in specialization |
| Responsiveness | ability to sense and react to stimuli; adjust internal bodily function to environment changes |
| Homeostasis | ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment or "steady state" |
| Reproduction | produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair with sex cells, can develop into new organisms |
| Levels of Organization (smallest to larges) | chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organismal level |
| Integumentary System | provides protection, regulates body temperature, houses cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss |
| Skeletal System | provides support and protection site of blood cell production, stores calcium and phosphorus |
| Muscular System | produces body movement, generates heat |
| Nervous System | controls body movement and responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory |
| Endocrine System | secretes hormones, which perform a variety of functions |
| Cardiovascular System | moves blood through blood vessels to distribute nutrients, gases, hormones, and pick up waste products |
| Lymphatic System | transports and filters lymph, participates in immune response |
| Respiratory System | responsible for exchange of gases between the blood and the air |
| Digestive System | digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products |
| Urinary System | filters blood and removes waste products, expels urine |
| Reproductive System | produces male sex cells and hormones, transfers sperm to female produces female sex cells and hormones, site of fertilization and growth of embryo and fetus |
| Section | slice or cut to expose internal anatomy |
| Plane | imaginary flat surface passing through the body |
| Supine | flat on back with palms up |
| Prone | flat on stomach with palms down |
| Coronal (Frontal) Plane | separates body into posterior(back) and anterior(front) sections |
| Transverse (Cross-Sectional) Plane | separates body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) halves |
| Midsagittal Plane | separates body into left and right halves |
| Dorsal | towards the back |
| Ventral | towards the belly |
| Proximal | nearer to the trunk |
| Distal | farther from the trunk |
| Axial Region | includes head, neck, and trunk |
| Appendicular Region | composed of the upper and lower limbs |
| Cephalic | head |
| Frontal | forehead |
| Orbital | eye |
| Nasal | nose |
| Buccal | cheek |
| Mental | chin |
| Cervical | neck |
| Deltoid | shoulder |
| Sternal | sternum |
| Pectoral | chest |
| Mammary | breast |
| Axillary | armpit |
| Brachial | arm |
| Antecubital | front of elbow |
| Antebrachial | forearm |
| Carpal | wrist |
| Palmar | palm |
| Digital | finger |
| Coxal | hip |
| Abdominal | abdomen |
| Inguinal | groin |
| Femoral | thigh |
| Patellar | kneecap |
| Crural | leg |
| Pes | foot |
| Tarsal | ankle |
| Dorsum of the foot | top of foot |
| Cranial | surrounding the brain |
| Occipital | back of the head |
| Auricular | ear |
| Vertebral | spinal column |
| Olecranal | elbow |
| Lumbar | lower back |
| Manus | hand |
| Popliteal | back of the knee |
| Sural | calf |
| Calcaneal | heel |
| Plantar Surface | sole |
| Serous Membranes are composed of two layers | parietal layer visceral layer |
| Serous Pericardium | two-layered serous membrane |
| Parietal Pericardium | outer layer which form the sac around the heart |
| Visceral Pericardium | inner layer which form the heart's external surface |
| Pericardial Cavity | potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid |
| Pleura | two-layered serous membrane associated with the lungs |
| Parietal Pleura | outer layer which lines the internal surface of thoracic wall |
| Visceral Pleura | inner layer which covers the external surface of the lungs |
| Pleural Cavity | potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid |
| Peritoneum | two-layered serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Parietal Peritoneum | outer layer which lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Visceral Peritoneum | inner layer which covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs |
| Peritoneal Cavity | potential space between parietal and visceral |
| Homeostatic Control Mechanism | Stimulus, Receptor, Control Center, Effector, Homeostasis Restored |
| SSRI | drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin into nerve cells in the brain, prolonging its effects |
| Ions | groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge produced from loss or gain of an electron(s) |
| Sodium Ion (Na+) | -most common extracellular cation -participant in conducting nerve impulses (action potentials) in neurons and muscle -sodium gradient involved in cotransport of other substances across a plasma membrane |
| Potassium Ion (K+) | -most common intracellular cation -participant in conducting nerve impulses (action potentials) in neurons and muscle |
| Calcium Ion (Ca2+) | -hardness of bone and teeth -muscle contraction -exocytosis (including release of neurotransmitter) |
| Magnesium Ion (Mg2+) | required for ATP production |
| Hydrogen Ion (H+) | concentration determines pH of blood and other fluids of the body |
| Chloride Ion (Cl-) | alters neuron responsiveness to stimulation |
| Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-) | -conversion of CO2 gas to HCO3-, which is transported in the blood -buffering of pH in blood |
| Phosphate Ion ( PO4, 3-) | - hardens bone and teeth -component of phospholipids -component of nucleotides, including ATP and nucleic acids -most common intracellular anion -intracellular buffer -makes the charge inside cells more negative than the charge outside of cells |
| Isotopes | -are different atoms of the same element -unstable because they contain excess neutrons lose nuclear components in the form of high energy radiation |
| Electron Cloud | -electrons travel within regions surrounding nucleus in which the probability is high of finding that electron -outermost electrons have highest energy |
| Ionic Bond | -complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom -resulting ions are held together by charge -you take, I give |
| Covalent Bond | -equal sharing of electrons -sharing is caring |
| Polar Covalent | unequal sharing of electrons |
| Amphipathic Molecules | -ex: phospholipids -some molecules pair in one location and nonpolar in another |
| Hydrophobic Interactions | -nonpolar molecules placed in a polar substance |
| Water | -composes 2/3 of human body weight -polar molecule -can form four hydrogen bonds |
| Functions of Liquid Water | -transports -lubricates -cushions -excretes wastes |
| Cohesion | attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding |
| Surface Tension | -inward pulling of cohesive forces at the surface of water -causes moist sacs of air in the lungs to tend to collapse -surfactant (mix of lipids and proteins) helps prevent this |
| Adhesion | attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water |
| Temperature | the measure of kinetic energy of atoms or molecules within a substance |
| Specific Heat | -amount of energy required to increase the temperature -water's value is extremely high due to energy needed to break hydrogen bonds -contributes to body temperature constancy |
| Heat of Vaporization | heat required for the release of molecules form a liquid phase into a gaseous phase |
| Solvent | water, what a thing is dissolved in |
| Solute | substances that dissolve in water |
| Acid | -dissociates in water to produce H+ and an anion -called proton donor -increases the concentration of H+ |
| Base | -accepts H+ when added to solution -called proton acceptor -decreases concentration of H+ |
| pH | -a measure of H+ -greater the H+ the lower the pH value -ex : a pH of 6 has 10x greater concentration than that of 7 |
| Equal H+ and OH- | -neutral -have a pH of 7 |
| Greater H+ than OH- | -acidic -have a pH lower than 7 |
| Greater OH- than H+ | -basic (alkaline) -have a pH greater than 7 |
| Buffers | -help prevent pH changes if excess acid or base is added -carbonic acid (weak acid) -bicarbonate (weak base) |
| Carbon Skeletons | -may contain two or more atoms with specific characteristic -most polar -some act like acids (carboxyl group) -others acting like bases (amine group) |
| Lipids | -water-insoluble -not composed of monomers -stores nutrients, cellular membrane components, and hormones |
| Four Classes of Lipids | -triglycerides: energy storage -phospholipids: cell membranes -steroids: hormones -eicosanoids: local signaling molecules |
| Triglycerides | -energy storage -most common -long-term storage -structural support, cushioning, and insulation |
| Fatty Acids | -saturated: lack double bonds -unsaturated: have one double bond -ployunsaturated: have two or more double bonds |
| Steroids | -ringed structures including some hormones -composed of hydrocarbons -include cholesterol, steroid hormones, bile salts |
| Carbohydrates | -monosaccharides: simple monomers -disaccharides: formed from two monosaccharides -polysaccharides: formed from many monosaccharides |
| Nucleic Acids | -store and transfer genetic information in cells -two classes: DNA and RNA |
| Nucleotide Monomer | sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| Pyrimidines | cytosine, thymine, uracil |
| Purines | adenine, guanine |
| ATP | -nucleotide composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups -covalent bonds -relase energy when broken |
| Proteins | -serve in a vast array of functions -composed of one or more strands of monomers -monomers are amino acids |
| Protein Primary Structure | linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| Protein Secondary Structure | alpha helix: spiral coil beta sheet: planar pleat arrangement |
| Protein Tertiary Structure | -final 3-D shape of polypeptide chain -globular proteins: compact shape -fibrous proteins: extended linear molecules |
| Protein Quaternary Structure | present in proteins with two or more polypeptide chains |
| Denaturation | -conformational change to a protein -disturbs protein activity -usually irreversible -can occur during heating -pH changes |
Created by:
mamoody246
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