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Anatomy Exam 1
Back 1
| Question | Answers |
|---|---|
| if palpating, where is Superior angle of scapula? | at the T2 vertebral level |
| if palpating, where is Inferior angle of scapula | T7 vertebral level |
| if palpating, where is Median furrow | on midline, superficial to vertebral spines; it separates the erector spinae muscles on either side |
| A line drawn between the high points of the iliac crests defines the level of | L4 spine level |
| Spinal taps and spinal anesthetics are done at | L3-L4 or L4-L5 |
| Dimples on the lower back are located over | the posterior superior iliac spine- |
| a line drawn between Dimples on the lower back (located over the posterior superior iliac spine) | defines the S2 level |
| the S2 level is the typical inferior extent of the | dural sac |
| This is located superficial to the sacral hiatus | Superior end of natal (intergluteal) cleft |
| most epidural anesthetics are administered here | sacral hiatus |
| how many vertebrae? | 33 vertebrae |
| how many in cervical? thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal? | 7C (cervical), 12 T (thoracic), 5L (lumbar), 5 S (sacral-these are fused!), 4 Cx (coccygeal - these are fused into the coccyx). |
| C1 is also called | Atlas |
| C2 is also called | Axis |
| where are two main pronounced curvatures in the vertebral column | at the cervical and lumbar regions |
| Atlas articulates with | the occipital bone |
| these articulate with the atlas | occipital condyles |
| Bony structures that articulate with the vertebral column | Ribs and scapula , skull, Pelvic bones. |
| The 12 thoracic vertebrae articulate with | ribs |
| some extrinsic as well as intrinsic back muscles insert onto | ribs |
| Scapula articulate with the vertebral column by | extrinsic back muscles |
| what is the palpable endpoint of the shoulder | acromion |
| sacrum of the vertebral column articulates with | iliac bones at the sacroiliac joints |
| These openings are where the spinal nerves exit from the vertebral column | intervertebral foramen |
| The zygapophysial (facet) joints are between | inferior and superior articular processes |
| a hole for the vertebral artery | foramen transversarium |
| these vertebrae are distinguished because all have a hole in the process for the vertebral artery | Cervical |
| these vertebrae have specialized articulation regions for ribs | Thoracic vertebrae |
| these vertebrae are large with heavy bodies; they also have an extra set of processes - the mammillary processes | Lumbar vertebrae |
| this vertebra has no spine but has anterior and posterior arches, large superior articular facets for articulation with the occipital condyles of the skull | C1 vertebra (the Atlas) |
| atlanto-occipital articulation | large superior articular facets for articulation with the occipital condyles of the skull |
| this vertebra has the dens (odontoid or tooth-like process) which articulates with the homologue of the "body" of the atlas (the anterior arch) | C2 (the Axis) |
| The 5 sacral vertebrae are fused forming this bone | Sacrum |
| lower opening into the verebral canal | sacral hiatus |
| sacral bone is X on the posterior side but has a smooth Y surface | ridged, anterior |
| exit points for sacral spinal nerves | sacral foramina |
| runs along the vertebral spines as a cord | Supraspinous ligament |
| Supraspinous ligament merges with the strong X in the cervical curvature region | nuchal ligament ( ligamentum nuchae) |
| ligament lies on the anterior side of the bodies of lumbar vertebrae | Anterior Longitudinal ligament |
| cervical fractures result from | hyperextension |
| ligament has an important potential splinting action that should be used whenever fracture of the vertebral column is suspected | Anterior Longitudinal ligament |
| When a fracture of vertebral column occurs, the patient is typically held in | hyperextension |
| will help realign fragments of bone and minimize further injury to the spinal cord | hyperextension - the pull of the anterior longitudinal ligament |
| Ligamentum flava | run from lamina to lamina, covering most of the space between these vertebral regions |
| During flexion, the vertebra tend to move apart and X stretch to accommodate this. | the ligamenta flava |
| the elasticity of the ligaments is overridden and the ligamenta flava may become folded or buckle inward - a situation that may injure the underlying spinal cord | violent hyperextension (whip-lash type injuries) |
| ligament runs along the posterior side of vertebral bodies | Posterior longitudinal ligament |
| this ligament is actually anterior to the spinal cord | Posterior longitudinal ligament |
| The anterior longitudinal ligament is called the X at the C1-skull junction. | anterior atlanto-occipital membrane |
| The ligamentum flavum continues as the X at the C1-skull junction | posterior atlanto-occipital membrane |
| The vertebral arteries penetrate the X before traversing upward into the foramen magnum | atlanto-occipital membrane |
| what holds the sacrum and illiac bones at the sacroiliac joints? | ligaments |
| this bone of a typical vertebra is derived from centrum? | Vertebral body |
| what two vertebral parts make up the vertebral arch? | lamina and pedicle |
| what two vertebral parts make up the intervertebral foramen? | inferior and superior vertebral notch |
| what two vertebral parts make up the zygapophysial facet/joint? | superior and inferior articular process of two differnt vertebra |
| what's distinguishing features of Cervical vertebrae | all have a hole in the process for the vertebral artery (foramen transversarium). |
| what's distinguishing features of Thoracic vertebrae | specialized articulation regions for ribs |
| what's distinguishing features of Lumbar vertebrae | large with heavy bodies; they also have an extra set of processes - the mammillary processes |
| mammillary processes which are located between | the spine and the transverse processes of Lumbar vertebrae |
| when dens of axis articulates w/ the body of the atlas, it forms a joint called | atlanto-axial joint |
| nuchal ligament is found where? | cervical curvature area |
| where are interspinous ligaments found? | between adjacent vertebral spines |
| where are inter-transverse ligaments found? | between adjacent transverse processes |
| The posterior longitudinal ligament continues as what at the C1-skull junction | tectorial membrane |
| Special ligaments for the C1-C2 articulation | Cruciform ligament and alar or check ligament of the dens |
| this ligament is cross shaped with longitudinal and transverse ligaments of the atlas | cruciform ligament |
| alar or check ligament of the dens lies deep to the | cruciform ligament |
| which ligaments stabilize the articulation of the dens of the axis with the anterior arch of the atlas? | cruciform ligament, alar/check ligament of the dens |
| what happens if the cruciform and alar ligaments rupture? | dens could be driven into the upper cervical spinal cord and/or brainstem with certain and immediate death |
| the phrenic nerve outflow is from | C3-5 |
| what lies Between the bodies of vertebrae | intervertebral disk |
| how many total intervertebral (IV) disks are there? | 23 |
| where is the final intervertebral disk located? | L5-S1 |
| where are there NO intervertebral disk? | between the skull and C1, none between C1-2 and none in the sacral or coccygeal regions |
| these act as shock absorbers at weight bearing joints | intervertebral disks |
| two parts of an intervertebral disk | outer annulus fibrosis and the inner nucleus pulposus |
| what happens in disk prolapse? | a tear or weakness of the annulus fibrosis occurs, resulting in a bulging out of the nucleus pulposus |
| where does disk prolapse usually occur? | POSTEROLATERAL DIRECTION (Where the annulus is the thinnest and thus weakest) |
| why does disk prolapse occur in POSTEROLATERAL DIRECTION | the annulus fibrosus is the thinnest and thus weakest |
| "slipped disk" refers to | prolapse/herniation |
| which of the two layers of intervertebral disk is made of concentric circles? | outer layer, anulus fibrosus |
| for disk prolapse, pain is caused by.. | when nucleus pulposus compress spinal nerves that leave the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramen |
| Disk prolapse occurs with about equal frequency at which vertebral levels? | cervical and lumbar |
| overwhelming majority of prolapses occur at | L4-5 or L5-S1, and at C5-6 or C6-7 |
| how many pairs of spinal nerves exist via the intervertebral foramina | 31 pairs |
| how many spinal nerves are at each of the vertebral levels? | 8C (cervical), 12T (thoracic), 5L (lumbar), 5S (sacral), 1 Cx (coccygeal) pairs of nerves |
| for nomenclature, the cervical nerves leave where? | above their same numbered vertebra |
| what is the exception to nomenclature for where C8 nerve leaves? | leaves at the C7-T1 vertebral junction, since there's no C8 vertebrae |
| for nomenclature, Thoracic and lumbar nerves leave where? | below their same numbered vertebra |
| The nerve affected by posterolateral disk prolapse is designated by the | second number in the disk’s name |
| Prolapse of disk C5-6 affects which nerve? | C6 |
| prolapse typically spares the nerve actually exiting at that level, but instead, compresses the nerve that are | inferior and still heading to their exit at the next intervertebral foramen |
| Lumbar level disk prolapse - usually presents as | acute back pain and sciatica (pain radiating to the territory of the sciatic nerve- lower leg and foot). |
| Lumbar disk problems often cause spasms of | back musculature, mainly on the prolapsed side |
| For cervical disk prolapse; pain is reported in the | upper extremity |
| what accounts for some of the shrinking that occurs as people age | Dehydration with disks |
| if there are posterior protrusions of disk, they'll compress onto what? | onto the spinal cord if the protrusion occurs above the cauda equina |
| compression of the spinal cord via posterior protrusions, can cause what? | paralysis or anesthesia |
| what are the 3 types of abnormal curvatures? | kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis |
| kyphosis | too great a thoracic curvature |
| scoliosis | too much lateral curvature |
| what may cause scoliosis? (4 reasons) | idiopathic (starts in childhood); secondary structural (due to a deformity such as hemivertebra or with polio); sciatic or ischiadic (caused by muscle spasms responding to painful conditions) or compensatory (due to shortening of a lower limb). |
| lordosis | too great a lumbar curvature (sway back) |
| back is defined by | the vertebral column,the spinal cord and spinal roots |
| can count spines from here | C7 vertebral spine |
| another name for C7 vertebral spine | the vertebrae prominens |
Created by:
rosejames05
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