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metabolic exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a type I or anaphylaxis reaction ? | • Type I or Anaphylactic Reaction o Rapid, Systemic o Can be fatal. |
| What is a type II or Cytotoxic reaction? | Attacks self cells |
| What is a type III or Immunocomplex reaction? | excessive amounts of antigens in blood |
| What is a type IV reaction or Delayed reaction? | shows up 12-72hrs post exposure, example: poison ivy |
| Antibody-mediated immunity pathophysiology | uses antigen-antibody mediated interactions to neutralize, eliminate, and destroy foreign proteins |
| Definition of DVT (deep vein thrombosis) | condition where blood clot forms in a deep vein, commonly in legs, thighs, pelvic area DVT increases risk of pulmonary embolism |
| Symptoms of DVT? | Pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in affected limb, though can also be asymptomatic |
| DVT risk factors | o Immobility or limited mobility o Trauma or surgery o Obesity o Advanced Age o Heart Failure o Previous history of DVT |
| DVT prevention | Early ambulation after surgery or period of immobility o Calf muscle exercises and leg elevation o Compression Stockings o Anticoagulant medications o Sequential Compression Devices (SCDs) |
| DVT treatment | Anticoagulant Medications (ex. Heparin, warfarin, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran) o Thrombolytic therapy or interventional procedures |
| Definition of Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF)? | Surgical procedure used to stabilize/align broken bones. Involves an open incision site to access fracture site, reduce bone frag to proper alignment, secure in place with internal fixation devices like metal plates, rods, screws, pins |
| Nursing considerations for Open Reduction (ORIF) | NEUROVASCULAR ASSESSMENT - monitor for signs of impaired circulation Manage pain: Pharm and non pharm Assess incision for infection fall precautions patient education |
| Complications of open reduction | infection malunion/nonunion nerve/blood vessel injury COMPARTMENT SYNDROME DVT Joint stiffness Hardware complications |
| Interventions for open reduction | MOBILIZATION surgical site care positioning patient education frequent reassessment |
| Complications of Impaired mobility ? | Pressure injuries disuse osteoporosis constipation weight loss/gain muscle atrophy atelectasis/hypostatic venous thromboembolism urinary system calculi depression sleep-wake disturbance sensory deprivation |
| Causes of impaired mobility | Dysfunction of the musculoskeletal or nervous system. o Severe brain or spinal cord injuries. o Bedridden or prolonged bedrest. |
| Pathophysiology of systemic lupus | chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder circulating antibodies attack tissues tissue integrity lost via excessive inflammation/overactive immunity leading to organ failure and death autoantibodies directed against diff proteins in nucleus of cell |
| Etiology of system lupus | Strong genetic connection Triggers include: Viral Infection Drugs Hormones Exposure |
| Clinical manifestations of systemic lupus | Musculoskeletal: joint pain, stiffness, swelling Skin: Malar Rash, photosensitivity, oral/nasal ulcers Renal: nephritis, proteinuria, hematuria Cardiac: Pericarditis, endocarditis, atherosclerosis pulm: pleuritis, pneumonitis gastro:nausea, abd pain |
| Pharmacological interventions for system lupus | NSAIDs Ibuprofen Celexicob acetaminophen antimalarial hydroxychloroquine chloroquine corticosteroids/prednisone immunosuppressives : methotrexate / cyclophosamide monoclonal antibodies: Belimumab / Antifromlumab-fnia |
| Non pharm interventions for systemic lupus | Low-Impact Activity Rest Minimal Sunlight Exposure Moist Heat |
| Nursing considerations for patient with systemic lupus | Medication management Fatigue management Photosensitivity precautions Infection prevention Nutritional support Pain management Patient education Psychosocial support Regular monitoring Close collaboration with the interdisciplinary team. |
| Patient education for patient with systemic lupus | Disease overview Symptoms awareness Medication adherence Lifestyle modifications Monitoring Pregnancy Considerations |
| Pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis | Chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory autoimmune process. -Affects synovial joints. -Characterized by remissions and exacerbations. |
| Etiology of Rheumatoid arthritis | Combination of environmental and genetic factors, hormones, infectious organisms, Epstein-Barr virus, physical and emotional stresses are linked to exacerbations. |
| Early clinical manifestations/signs of rheumatoid arthritis | -Joint inflammation, low grade fever, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, paresthesia |
| Non pharm interventions for systemic lupus | Low-Impact Activity Rest Minimal Sunlight Exposure Moist Heat |
| Nursing considerations for patient with systemic lupus | Medication management Fatigue management Photosensitivity precautions Infection prevention Nutritional support Pain management Patient education Psychosocial support Regular monitoring Close collaboration with the interdisciplinary team. |
| Patient education for patient with systemic lupus | Disease overview Symptoms awareness Medication adherence Lifestyle modifications Monitoring Pregnancy Considerations |
| Pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis | Chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory autoimmune process. -Affects synovial joints. -Characterized by remissions and exacerbations. |
| Etiology of Rheumatoid arthritis | Combination of environmental and genetic factors, hormones, infectious organisms, Epstein-Barr virus, physical and emotional stresses are linked to exacerbations. |
| Early clinical manifestations/signs of rheumatoid arthritis | -Joint inflammation, low grade fever, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, paresthesia |
| Late clinical manifestations/signs of rheumatoid arthritis | Joint deformities (swan neck/ulnar deviation), moderate-severe pain, morning stiffness. Osteoporosis, fatigue, anemia, weight loss, muscle atrophy, peripheral neuropathy, vasculitis, pericarditis, fibrotic lung disease, Sjogren syndrome, kidney disease |
| Treatments/medications for rheumatoid arthritis | Pharm/surgery: NSAIDs DMARDs Biologics Steroids Surgery NONpharm: Promoting Mobility Enhancing self-esteem |
| Complications of rheumatoid arthritis | o Chronic inflammation and persistent pain. o Potential for decreased mobility. o Potential for decreased self-esteem. |
| Nursing considerations for rheumatoid arthritis | Pain & inflammation management. o Joint protection o Medication monitoring o Exercise & rehabilitation. o Fatigue management o Nutrition support o Patient education o Psychosocial Support o Regular monitoring |
| Pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis | Most common arthritis; progressive deterioration and loss of articular cartilage and bone in one or more joints |
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | Primary: Aging & Genetic Factors Secondary: Joint injury, obesity, repetitive strain/stress to joints |
| Risk factors for osteoarthritis | Age, obesity, joint injuries, genetics, sex (women more likely), bone deformities, occupations, metabolic diseases, previous joint diseases. |
| Treatments/medications for osteoarthritis | Managing persistent pain: Pharm interventions, complementary and integrative health interventions NONpharm: Rest, exercise, joint positioning, heat or cold applications, weight control, ambulatory aids. Surgery: Total Hip/Knee Arthroplasty (THA/TKA) |
| What are the steps of the Clinical Judgment model | Recognize Cues o What matters most? • Analyze Cues o What does it mean? • Prioritize Hypotheses o Where do I start? • Generate Solutions o What can I do? • Take Action o What will I do? • Evaluate Outcomes o Did it help? |
| What are the three types of health promotion | Primary prevention: education, nutrition, immunizations, etc Secondary prevention: screenings based on risk factors Tertiary prevention: treatment of disease (meds, nutrition, activity ,etc) |
| Risk factors for fractures | -Osteoporosis -Age - Gender -Previous Fractures - Certain Medications - Long-term use of corticosteroids, anti-seizure drugs - Lack of weight-bearing exercise - Poor nutrition -Smoking and excessive alcohol use |
| What are the different types of fractures and a brief definition? | Simple (closed): skin is intact Compound (open): bone has broken through skin Complete: bone broken in two or more pieces Incomplete: bone cracked or damaged Comminuted: shattered in multiple fragments displaced spiral: fracture wraps around bone |
| Complications of pelvic fracture | Hemorrhage, nerve injury, organ damage, venous thromboembolism, urinary issues, sexual dysfunction, chronic pain. |
| Nursing considerations for pelvic fracture | Pain management (administer analgesics & non-pharmacological interventions), hemodynamic monitoring, immobilization, bladder/bowel monitoring, skin care, deep vein thrombosis prevention, nutrition support, patient education. |
| Vertebral compression fractures : nonpharm treatment /interventions? | Analgesic medication for pain control, bracing to stabilize the spine and facilitate healing, bed rest, physical therapy, fall prevention strategies, nutritional support, patient education. |
| nursing considerations for vertebral compression fractures | Pain management, immobilization, respiratory monitoring, fall prevention, skin care, bowel/bladder function, patient education, psychosocial support, close neurological monitoring. |
| Pathophysiology of compartment syndrome ? | serious condition caused by increased pressure within a closed muscle compartment that impairs blood flow, leading to muscle and nerve damage if not treated promptly. |
| Etiology of compartment syndrome | fractures or crush injuries that cause bleeding and edema within the muscle compartment. Tight bandages or constrictive dressings reducing compartment volume. Vascular injuries or thrombosis impairing blood flow. soft tissue trauma or edema |
| Risk factors for compartment syndrome | Fractures Vascular injuries/procedures Tight circumferential dressings/casts/bandages Prolonged limb compression/poor positioning during surgery. Reperfusion after vascular procedures or prolonged ischemia. Intense exercise/muscle exertion |
| Compartment syndrome prevention | Avoiding prolonged compression or tight circumferential dressings on extremities. Properly size and apply casts, splints, and bandages. Reposition immobilized limbs frequently. Monitor for signs of increased compartment pressure. |
| Risk factors for anaphylaxis | Previous anaphylactic reaction, especially to same trigger. Asthma or respiratory conditions. Cardiovascular disease. Use of medications like beta-blockers or ACE inhibitors. Delayed administration of epinephrine. Exposure to allergens |
| Clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis | Skin: flushing, urticaria (hives), angioedema Respiratory: shortness of breath, wheezing, stridor, hypoxia. Cardiovascular: dizziness, syncope, hypotension, tachycardia, dysrhythmias. Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps. |
| Nursing interventions/treatment for anaphylaxis | Maintain airway, give high-flow oxygen, place in recumbent position. Establish IV access and give IV fluids for hypotension. Administer IM epinephrine. Administer antihistamines like diphenhydramine and corticosteroids like methylprednisone. Monitor VS |
| Knee arthroplasty post op complications | Venous thromboembolism Infection at the surgical site Dislocation or instability of the prosthetic joint Nerve or blood vessel damage Persistent pain or stiffness Fractures around the prosthesis Excessive bleeding requiring transfusion. |
| Difference between COX-1 and COX-1? (what issue does each med typically present with more than the other) | COX-1 NSAIDs are more likely to cause gastrointestinal issues COX-2 NSAIDs are more likely to cause cardiac issues |
| What is an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)/ what can it show? | A blood test that can show if you have inflammation in your body |
| What is an Antinuclear antibody test (ANA) test? | detects if you have antibodies that target your own cells. Indicator of autoimmune disorders such as lupus |
| What are the five P's of compartment syndrome | -pain -pallor -paresthesia -paralysis -pulselessness |
Created by:
Katelynsw27
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