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Module 1 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define the term microbiology | Microbiology is the study of microbes. |
| What was Leeuwenhoek responsible for? | Leeuwenhoek made the first magnifying glass. He is considered the Father of bacteriology (bacteria) and protozology (protozoans). |
| What was Linnaeus responsible for? | He created an early taxonomic system, which is a system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together. |
| What are the categories the Kingdoms are divided into? | Fungi, protozoa, algae, prokaryotes, small animals |
| List the characteristics of fungi. | Fungi are eukaryotic, their genetic material is surrounded by a nuclear membrane, and they have cell walls. They don't make food by photosynthesis, instead, they obtain food from other organisms. |
| What are the two types of fungi? | Mold & Yeast |
| How do molds reproduce? Give an example. | Molds reproduce with spores. An example is penicillium. |
| How does yeast reproduce? Give an example. | Yeast reproduce by budding. An example is Candida albicans. |
| List the characteristics of protozoans. | Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that live mostly in water. They move using either pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella. |
| List a few examples of protozoans. | An example of protozoa include amoeba, paramecium, and trypanosoma. |
| List the characteristics of algae. | Algae can be unicellular or multicellular and undergo photosynthesis. |
| List a few examples of algae. | Examples of algae include kelp, seaweed, and diatoms. |
| List the characteristics of prokaryotes. | Prokaryotes have no true nucleus and their genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane. |
| What are the two groups in which the prokaryotes fall into? | Bacteria and archaebacteria (live in unusual living conditions) |
| Define the term pathogenic. | Pathogenic means disease causing. |
| Define the term nonpathogenic. | Nonpathogenic means incapable of causing disease. |
| Briefly describe helminths. | Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms. |
| Briefly describe viruses. | Viruses are acellular, meaning that they are not made of cells. They are made of protein and genetic material. They either have DNA or RNA, but never both. They must have a cell to infect and inject DNA or RNA |
| List the theories of the Golden Age of Microbiology. | 1)Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? 2) What causes fermentation? 3) What causes disease? 4) How can disease and infection be prevented? |
| Explain Redi’s experiment. | Redi's experiment was meant to dispove abiogenesis. By placing meat in both open and covered jars, Redi observed that maggots only appeared on the meat in the open jars, where flies had access to lay their eggs. |
| Explain Needham’s experiment. | Needham's experiments consisted of briefly boiling a broth mixture and then cooling the mixture in an open container to room temperature. Later, the flasks would be sealed, and microbes would grow a few days later, proving abiogenesis. |
| Explain Spallanzani’s experiment. | Spallanzani's experiment contradicted Needham's experiment and disproved abiogenesis. He repeated Needham's experiment, but he melted the opening of the flask shut, which prevented air from entering and lead to no microbes growing. |
| Explain Pasteur’s experiment. | He showed that beef broth could be sterilized by boiling it in a swan-neck flask, which has a long bending neck that traps dust particles and other contaminants before they reach the body of the flask. If the broth was exposed to air, bacteria would grow. |
| Which of the experiments were for spontaneous generation and which were opposed? | The only experiment that supported spontaneous generation was Needham's. Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur all opposed spontaneous generation. |
| Explain briefly the scientific method. | A list of questions answered through observation and controlled experiments. They must have a control group, which is a group that is treated exactly the same as the other group except for the one variable that is the experiment is designed to test. |
| List some products developed from bacteria. | Some products developed from bacteria include beer, wine, bread, yogurt, cheese, and pickled vegetables. |
| Explain the process of fermentation. | Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid. |
| Explain the process of pasteurization. | Pasteurization is the process of heating a liquid just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria. |
| Who is responsible for the “germ theory” | Louis Pasteur |
| Define the term etiology? | Etiology is the study of the cause of a disease. |
| List the four postulates of Robert Koch. | 1) The agent must be found in every case of the disease 2) The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host 3) The agent must be introduced into a healthy host and infect them 4) The same agent must be reisolated from the infected host |
| Briefly describe the gram stain procedure. | The gram stain procedure begins with pouring crystal violet dye on the sample. After rinsing it off, apply Gram's iodine to fix the dye to the bacteria's cell walls. After rinsing that, add alcohol to wash off excess dye. Rinse that, then add the Safranin |
| What is the contribution of Semmelweis to microbiology? | Semmelweis made medical students wash their hands in lime water before delivering babies and reduced the deaths of mothers and infants to Child Bed Fever. |
| What is the contribution of Lister to microbiology? | Lister advanced the idea of antisepsis (the destruction of microorganisms) by using a carbolic acid spray (phenol) to spray wounds, incisions and dressings. |
| What is the contribution of Florence Nightingale to microbiology? | Nightingale introduced antiseptic techniques and disinfection into nursing. |
| What is the contribution of Snow to microbiology? | Snow set the standards for good public hygiene to prevent the spread of disease. His study laid the foundation for infection control and epidemiology. |
| Define the term epidemiology. | Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of diseases in humans. |
| Who governs epidemiology? | CDC |
| What is the contribution of Jenner to microbiology? | Jenner invented vaccination and developed the small pox vaccine. |
| What is the contribution of Ehrlich to microbiology? | Ehrlich developed the concept of chemotherapy and developed treatments for syphilis and African Sleeping Sickness. |
| Define the term chemotherapy. | Chemotherapy is the use of chemicals, nontoxic to humans, to destroy pathogens. |
| Define the term bioterrorism. | Bioterrorism is the use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or their toxins for threatening or harmful purposes. |
| Define the term agroterrorism. | Agroterrorism is the use of microbes to terrorize humans by destroying the livestock and crops that constitute our food supply. |
| List the criteria for assessing biological threats. | 1) Public health impact 2) Delivery potential 3) Public perception 4) Public health preparedness |
| Give an example of a high threat priority. | Anthrax, Ebola, and Smallpox |
| Bacteria are paradoxical. Define this term. | Paradoxical means contradictary. |
| Define the term Microscopy. | Microscopy is the use of light or electrons to magnify objects |
| When defining the term magnification, include the oculars, objectives, their names, magnification number and total magnification. | Magnification- increase in size of an object 10x – eyepiece or ocular 4x – scanning objective 10x – low power objective 40x – high power objective 100x – oil immersion objective |
| List the two concepts on which the image clarity is dependent. Define the terms also. | Resolution – ability to distinguish between objects that are close together. Contrast – ability to distinguish between and object and its background. |
| Briefly describe the two types of bright-field microscopes. | Simple – has one lens such as a magnifying lens Compound – has 2 or more sets of lens (will use these in lab) |
| Explain the use of oil immersion. | Oil immersion is uesd to prevent the scattering of light. |
| What is an electron microscope? List and describe the two types. | Electron Microscopes use of electrons for magnification. The two types are SEM and TEM. SEMs (Scanning Electron Microscope) give an external view. TEMs (Transmission Electron Microscope) give an internal view . |
| Define a differential stain. | Differential staining is a procedure where more than one dye is used to differentiate between different types of microorganisms on a slide |
| What is the proper method for writing the genus and species of a bacterium? | The genus name is capitalized and the species is lower case. |
| Why do organisms use nutrients? | 1) Energy 2) Build molecules 3) Build and maintain cellular structures |
| List the four necessary elements needed by bacteria. | C, O, N, H |
| Define autotroph | Organisms that “feed themselves,” use CO2 as their main source of carbon. |
| Define heterotroph | Organisms that obtain their carbon from proteins, CHOs, AAs and FAs. |
| Define chemotroph | Organisms that use chemicals for energy. |
| Define phototroph | Organisms that use light for energy. |
| Define psychrophile | Microbes that live at cooler temperature. |
| Define thermophile | Microbes that live at warmer/hotter temperatures. |
| Define mesophile | Microbes that live between 20°C and 40°C. Bacteria living in the human body. |
| Where do bacteria obtain their nitrogen requirements? | The nitrogen used by bacteria may come from their surroundings or host. |
| How is nitrogen used by various bacteria? | Bacteria need nitrogen to builds proteins and nucleotides. |
| What is the main difference between a solid medium and a liquid medium? | Bacteria grows on the suface of solid mediums (agar) and grows within the liquid medium (broth). |
| What is the difference between maximum and minimum growth temperatures? | Minimum Growth Temperature is the lowest temperature at which certain bacteria will grow. Maximun Growth Temperature is the highest temperature at Which certain bacteria will grow. |
| Describe and give one example of an inoculum. | Inoculum is a sample of a bacterium placed on or in a medium and allowed to grow. Examples include milk, water, or dirt. |
| What is a bacterial colony? | Bacterial colonies are cultures that are visible on the surface of a solid medium. |
| Define the term clinical specimen and give 5 examples. | Clinical specimen are samples of human material, including blood, urine, feces, saliva, and CFS. |
| Define the term environmental specimen and give 3 examples. | Environmental specimen are samples taken from outside. Examples include ponds, soil, leafs, etc. |
| Describe the streak method | Streaking is done by using a sterile inoculating loop or swab, an inoculum is spread across the solid medium. |
| What is the difference between selective and differential media? | Selective media contains substances that favor the growth of certain bacteria while inhibiting the growth of unwanted ones, while differential media contains ingredients used to differentiate between different types of microorganism. |
| Why does an agar medium remain solid after bacteria and fungi grow? | Agar remains solid after bacteria and fungi grow because it is derived from seaweed, making it resistant to degradation by most microorganisms. |
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bbrdd
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