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BIO-182 Chapter 27

QuestionAnswer
What 4 characteristics enable prokaryotes to reach huge population sizes and thrive in diverse environments? 1. Small size and rapid reproduction 2. Mutations 3. Diverse adaptations 3. Rapid Evolution
Three most common bacterial shapes: Cocci, bacilli, and spirals
What is the role of the cell wall It maintains shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
How do antibiotic work? They target peptidoglycan
What are three key features of prokaryotic biology? Small, binary fission, short generation times
What are three key factors of genetic diversity? Rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination
What are three ways genetic recombination can happen? Transformation, transduction, and conjugation
What is horizontal gene transfer? The movement of genes between individual prokaryotes of different species
Photoautotroph Energy source is light; Carbon source is CO2, HCO3- etc.
Chemoautotroph Energy source is inorganic chemicals; Carbon source is CO2, HCO3- etc.
Photoheterotroph Energy source is light; Carbon source is organic compounds
Chemoheterotroph Energy source is organic comounds; Carbon source organic compounds
What are cells that do Nitrogen-fixation called? Heterocysts
Proteobacteria Photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and herotrophs Anaerobic or aerobic Gram-negative
Chlamydias Gram-negative Parasitize animal cells
Spirochetes Gram-negative Helical Heterotrophs
Cyanobacteria Photoautotrophs Endosymbiosis Gram-Negative
Methanogens Obligate anaerobes that produce methane as a by-product of their metabolism
Mutualism Both organisms benefit
Parasitism Harms but does not usually kill
Commensalism One organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other
Parasites Cause diseases, usually death is goal
Endotoxins LPS components of the outer membrane that are only released when bacteria die and their cell wall breaks down
Exotoxins Secreted by Bacteria, cause disease even when bacteria are no longer present
Bioremediation The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, and water
Created by: Isabelli
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