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loe evolution lec6

loe lec6

QuestionAnswer
Who proposed Africa as the origin of mankind, and when? Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man (1871).
What discovery marked a shift in understanding human origins? The discovery of Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) in 1974.
How many species and families are included in the Primate Order? Approximately 233 species in 13 families.
What are key facial structure traits of primates? Flattened faces and forward-directed orbits for stereoscopic vision.
What features characterize primate limbs? Highly mobile limb bones, opposable thumbs and toes.
Define synapomorphies and autoapomorphies in primates. Synapomorphies: Shared traits like large brains, upright posture, and flexible wrists. Autoapomorphies: Species-specific traits such as hairlessness and larger brow ridges.
What is included in the family Hominidae? Modern humans and great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans).
What does the term "hominin" refer to? Humans and human-like ancestors.
Differentiate between gracile and robust hominids. Gracile Forms: Genus Australopithecus (e.g., A. afarensis, A. africanus). Robust Forms: Genus Paranthropus, adapted for eating tough vegetation.
What is a molecular clock? A method to trace species divergence using amino acid sequences.
What are synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions? Synonymous: Do not change the amino acid. Nonsynonymous: Alter the amino acid.
What genetic similarity exists between humans and chimps? 95%.
Why is the Great Rift Valley significant in human evolution? It is rich in ancient fossil deposits, dated using Potassium/Argon methods.
Name two key fossils and their significance. Sahelanthropus tchadensis: Potential common ancestor of humans and chimps. Kenyanthropus platyops: Over 3 million years old with gracile features.
When did early hominids begin diverging into gracile and robust species? Approximately 2–3 million years ago.
Provide details about three prominent fossils. Lucy: 3.2 million years old, fully bipedal. Homo habilis: Associated with stone tools, brain size of 510 cm³. Homo ergaster: Brain size of 910 cm³, taller stature.
What are characteristics of modern Homo species? Shorter, flat faces; prominent noses; cranium volumes exceeding 1200 cm³.
What is notable about the coexistence of hominid species? Multiple hominid species coexisted throughout the last 3 million years.
Where do human origins trace back to, and what discovery reshaped understanding? Africa, with the discovery of Lucy.
What do molecular studies reveal about humans and chimps? A strong genetic relationship with 95% similarity.
How have pivotal fossils shaped our understanding of human evolution? They highlight transitions from early hominids to modern humans, showcasing key adaptations.
Created by: REDZ17
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