Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
NURS 319 Exam 1
Chp 1/2 - Cellular Regeneration/Function Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis is lost when _________ occurs | disease |
| What are the five major intracellular electrolytes? | potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate |
| What are the two major extracellular electrolytes? | sodium chloride and calcium |
| What process occurs when the mitochondrion doesn't get enough glucose? | The mitochondrion will switch to ketones and lead to ketoacidosis |
| A build up of lactic acid in cells can lead to what? | acidosis, sepsis, muscle cramps, etc. |
| The ______________ barrier regulates the growth and division of cells | semi-permeable |
| What occurs in cellular dehydration? | cellular fluid leaks out of the cell |
| What is on the outer surface of a cell and help with self vs non-self recognition? | glycoproteins |
| What does the sodium-potassium pump establish? | A resting membrane potential |
| which of the following need to be at a higher concentration within the cell to achieve appropriate cell function? sodium or potassium | potassium |
| The sodium-potassium pump maintains ______ _________. | fluid volume |
| How many sodium ions are pumped out of the cell? | 3 sodium ions |
| How many potassium ions are pumped into the cell? | 2 potassium ions |
| Why would one cell have more mitochondria than another cell? | a cell with more mitochondria requires more energy than a cell with less mitochondria |
| Mitochondrial DNA comes from which parent? | the mother |
| ____ ________ may damage mitochondrial DNA. | Free radicals |
| How much ATP is produced from aerobic metabolism? | 34 ATP |
| How much ATP is produced from anaerobic metabolism? | 2 ATP |
| (aerobic) Glucose goes through glycolysis to create _______ which then enters the ______ _______. | pyruvate, Krebs cycle |
| (anaerobic) Glucose goes through _________ to create pyruvate which then becomes _______ _____. | glycolysis, lactic acid |
| Which one occurs outside of the mitochondria? Anaerobic or aerobic metabolism | Anaerobic metabolism |
| What are two etiologic causes of disease? | genetic or bacteria |
| Etiologic agents can lead to ________ or _____________ changes in a cell. | adaptive, maladaptive |
| How is allostasis triggered? | through a neuroendocrine or hormonal response |
| Give an example of cellular adaptation. | lung cells in people with asthma will remodel following a flare so as to avoid further damage |
| What is required for a histological examination? | biopsy |
| What is the purpose of cellular adaptation? | To maintain homeostasis |
| Differentiation of a cell can also be called _____________. | maturation |
| Give an example of atrophy | When someone breaks their arm and can't use it for long periods of time |
| What is an example of physiologic hypertrophy? | bodybuilding |
| What is an example of pathologic hypertrophy? | enlargement of the left ventricle due to aortic stenosis |
| Hypertrophy requires more blood flow and therefore stimulates _________________. | angiogenesis |
| Hyperplasia occurs in cells capable of _________ ________. Give an example of this type of cell. | miotic division, skin cells |
| Hyperplasia is in response to what? | a stimulus |
| What is a physiological example of hyperplasia that occurs in women? | Endometrial hyperplasia occurring from too much estrogen production |
| Metaplasia is the body's way of __________ itself from ______________. | protecting, inflammation |
| What stage of cellular adaptation is a precursor to cancer? | Dysplasia |
| Give an example of dysplasia in the body. | cervical cells with warts due to HPV |
| What is the final stage of cellular adaptation before cells are considered cancerous? | Anaplasia |
| What is the difference between anaplasia and neoplasia? | Anaplasia is the progression of abnormal cells and marks when cells loose the ability to differentiate. Neoplasia is the complete unorganized, uncoordinated and uncontrolled cell growth resulting in cancer. |
| Neoplasia is seen in _______ or __________ tumors. | benign, malignant |
| Which two stages of cellular adaptation are considered abnormal but do not point to cancer? | Hyperplasia and Metaplasia |
| What characteristics differentiate between a benign and malignant tumor? | A benign tumor has well-differentiated cells with a well defined border. A malignant tumor has undifferentiated cells with poorly defined boarders. |
| Which type of tumor spreads via metastasis? | Malignant tumor |
| Name the first 5 of 10 causes of cellular injury. | 1. Physical agents, radiation, or chemical 2. Dysfunction of Na-K Pump 3. Loss of plasma membrane integrity 4. Defects in protein synthesis 5. biologic agents (viruses, parasites), genetics |
| Name the second 5 of 10 causes of cellular injury. | 6. Intracellular accumulations 7. Nutritional imbalances 8. Free radicals 9. Hypoxia 10. Immunological reactions |
| Which type of radiation is more harmful to the body? Ionizing or non-ionizing radiation? | Ionizing radiation is capable of damaging DNA immediately |
| Abnormal accumulation of sodium in the cells is due to the dysfunction of what? | The sodium-potassium pump |
| Give some examples of nutritional imbalances. | Obesity, vitamin deficiency, anorexia |
| The endothelium secretes which three things? | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin |
| Injury to the endothelium can cause what? | Atherosclerosis |
| Free radicals come from the environment. What is an example of a free radical? | Cigarette smoke |
| Hyperlipidemia can cause what to occur in blood vessels? | Atherogenesis |
| What is an example of physiological apoptosis? | Ovaries in menopause |
| What type of disease can result from decreased apoptosis? | Prostate cancer (too many prostate cells) |
| What type of disease can result from increased apoptosis? | Spinal muscular atrophy, Alzheimer's disease |
| This irreversible process initiates inflammation and results in cell death. | Necrosis |
| Infarction is also called __________ __________ | Ischemic necrosis |
| What is an example of infarction? | Myocardial infarction |
| Necrosis vs. Infarction | Necrosis is the result of injury while Infarction is the result of long-term ischemia |
| Gangrene is caused by what bacteria? | Clostridium perfringens |
| Frostbite is a form of _____ gangrene. | dry |
Created by:
veerkabi
Popular Nursing sets