Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
NUR 206
Chapter 37 Diabetes Mellitus Test #5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Diabetes Mellitus | A group of diseases in which there is a disturbance in metabolism and use of glucose. Results in the body's failure to metabolize sugars and starch. Sugar accumulate in the blood and urine, disturbing the acid-base balance of the blood |
| Beta Cells | responsible for making insulin |
| Type 1 Diabetes (insulin-dependent Diabetes) | the body's immune system destroys insulin-producing beta Cells. Requires injections of exogenous insulin. (Juvenile Diabetes). Results in renal, retinal, cardiovascular, and neurological complications if not treated properly. Classified as an autoimmune d |
| Exogenous Insulin | Insulin produced outside the body |
| Endogenous Insulin | Insulin produced inside the body |
| Ketosis | An excess production of ketone bodies, leading to ketoacidosis |
| Type 2 Diabetes (non-insulin-dependent Diabetes) | Oral antidiabetic medications are given to help regulate blood sugar. Pancreas produces insulin, but not enough to maintain normal blood sugar ranges. Most patients with type 2 Diabetes are obese. Diet and exercise can maintain blood sugar levels |
| Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) | a form of type 1 Diabetes. Presence of islet cell antibodies in the blood will eventually destroy the beta Cells, and insulin production will cease. -onset after age 30 -islet cell antibodies circulating in the blood -insulin is not required sooner th |
| Gestational Diabetes | may occur as a result of stress during pregnancy. May be treated with diet, oral hypoglycemia agents, or insulin |
| Hyperglycemia | elevated blood glucose level |
| Polydipsia | cellular dehydration causes thirst and an increased intake of water |
| polyuria | increased urination |
| polyphagia | increased hunger |
| Why does fatigue and muscular weakness occur in type 1 Diabetes? | the glucose needed for energy is not metabolized properly |
| Why does weight loss occur in patients with type 1 Diabetes? | Loss of body fluid and absence of sufficient insulin for sue of glucose, the body begins to metabolize its own proteins and stored fat for energy |
| Ketosis | ketosis occurs when the kidney is unable to handle accumulated ketones in the blood |
| Elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Level | metabolism of body protein when insulin is not available |
| Postprandial | after meals |
| Medical Nutrition Therapy | recommended for all persons with either type 1 or type 2 Diabetes. RD or a certified diabetes educator performs an in-depth assessment of the type of diabetes, usual dietary intake, food preference, exercise level, and daily scedule |
| MNT Interventions | reduced fat intake, healthy food choices, simplified meal plans, carbohydrate counting, individualized meal planning strategies, insulin-to-carb ratios, adjusting insulin doses to match carb intake, physical activity, and behavioral strategies |
| Meal Plans | Breakfast-20% Lunch-35% Dinner-30% Late Evening Snack-15% -Proteins should make up 15% to 20% of the daily allotment for patients with diabetic nephropathy -Protein intake of 1g/kg of body weight |
| Diabetic Nephropathy | a disorder of the peripheral nerves that is associated with diabetes Mellitus and is characterized by sexual impotence in males, neurogenic bladder, pain or loss of feeling in the lower extremities |
| Exercise | exercise improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes by reducing triglyceride levels and increasing high-desity lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Monitor for hypoglycemia during exercise. 1mg of GLUCAGON to treat hypoglycemia |
| Antidiabetics | prescribed to patients with type 2 diabetes to manage their blood glucose levels |
| Biguanides Metformin (Glucophage) | Keeps the liver from releasing excessive insulin Makes muscle cells sensitive to insulin Does not cause hypoglycemia Does not cause weight gain |
| Pancreas | -regulates blood glucose levels by secreting key hormones such as insulin and glucagon |
| Insulin | produced by beta cells helps lower blood sugar by allowing glucose to enter cells for energy and promoting storage of excess glucose as glycogen in the Liver and muscles |
| Glucagon | produced by alpha cells from the pancreas raises blood sugar levels by signaling the Liver to release stored glucose during fasting or low blood sugar |
| Liver | regulates blood glucose levels by storing and releasing glucose as needed |
| Gluconeogenesis | the Liver produces glucose from proteins and fats when glycogen stores are depleted |
| Meglitinides Prandin (Repaglinide) | Stimulates insulin secretion (short-acting) Pancreas function Must be taken immediately before eating |
| Basal Insulin | the amount of insulin the pancreas would normally produce throughout the day to maintain a healthy blood sugar between meals |
| Mnemonic for insulin | Ready, Set, Inject Love |
| R-Rapid-Acting (Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine) | -Novalog -Humalog -Apidra -Onset (10-30min) -Peak (30min-3hrs) -Duration (3-5hrs) |
| S-Short-Acting (Regular/Human Insulin) Clear and ready to use | -Humulin R -Novolin R -Velosulin -Onset (30min-1hr) -Peak (2-5hrs) -Duration (5-8hrs) |
| I-Intermediate-Acting (NPH/Cloudy) Often used twice daily | -Levemir -Onset (1.5-4hrs) -Peak (4-12hrs) -Duration (12-24hrs) |
| L-Long-Acting (Glargine, Detemir) Lasting "long haul" insulin provides steady basal insulin Never mix with any other insulin | -Lantus -Levemir -Onset (1-4hrs) -No peak -Duration (24+) |
| Insulin Mixing | "Clear" to "Cloudy" the clear (regular) insulin is drawn up first, then the cloudy (intermediate) insulin -Wash hands -Roll the cloudy (NPH) insulin (do not shake) -Clean the vial tops with alcohol swabs -Inject air into the cloudy insulin (equal to a |
| Bolus Dose | A correction dose of short acting insulin or rapid acting insulin used to manage elevation in blood glucose and brings the next measurement into range -1 unit of insulin will cover 15g of carbohydrates |
| Incretin Mimetic Used for type 2 diabetics | -mimics the actions of incretin (hormones released from the intestines) -slows gastric emptying and stimulates insulin release -increase liver production of gluconeogenesis -glucose control and weight management |
| Pramlintide (synthetic amylin) | -synthetic hormone used to regulate postprandial glucose levels -can cause severe hypoglycemia within 3 hrs of use |
| Islet Cells and Pancreas Transplantation | Islet Cells: Treatment of type 1 Diabetes by transplanting insulin-producing islet cells into a recipient. The cells lodge and produce insulin Pancreas Transplantation: whole organ Transplantation of the pancreas done to replace insulin function |
| Hypoglycemia | Low blood sugar |
| Hyperglycemia | High blood sugar 125mg/dL (fasting) or greater than 180mg/dL (postprandial) |
| Ketoacidosis | an accumulation of ketones in the blood, leading to acidosis |
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis Type 1 diabetes | hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis occur simultaneously as a result of insufficient insulin levels, when insulin is low or not present in the body the body breaks down protein and fats for energy producing ketones. |
| Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS) Type 2 diabetes | Occurs when blood sugar levels get extremely high, but without the buildup of ketones in the blood. Very high blood sugars (600mg/dL) makes the blood very thick and concentrated. Causes severe dehydration Occurs after fever or GI Flu |
| Rebound Hyperglycemia (Somogyi Effect) | blood sugar gets too low while asleep, so your body releases stress hormones (glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine) to raise the blood sugar, causing the liver to release stored glucose. This causes the raise in your blood sugar levels in the morning |
| Dawn Phenomenon | Blood sugar is high at night and in the morning |
| Macrovascular Damage | damage to large blood vessels can lead to coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, or stroke |
| Microvascular Damage | damage to small blood vessels on a capillary level can cause diabetic nephropathy, neuropathy, or retinopathy |
| Nephropathy | damage to the kidney or kidney disease after years of having to filter too much blood. the filtering mechanism of the kidney begins to fail, allowing large particles such as protein to exit through the urine. Leads to end-stage renal failure |
| Albuminuria | albumin (protein body) in the urine ACE inhibitors have been proven successful at slowing the progression of albuminuria |
| Retinopathy | changes in the retinal vessels lead to hemorrhages and to retinal detachment Ranibizumab decreases retinal edema |
| Diabetic Neuropathy | pathological changes in the nervous system causes symptoms such as paresthesia, numbness, and loss of function. primarily affects the peripheral nerves, causing sexual impotence in men, constipation, neurogenic bladder, and pain or anesthesia |
Created by:
mdues0724
Popular Nursing sets