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25 Bio Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reproduction | the process in which living things make new organisms of their own kind. (OFFSPRING or BABIES!) ****This is the ONLY LIFE PROCESS that is not necessary for the survival of an individual organism.**** |
| Regulation | All the activities that help to keep balance and stability within an organism Ex: blood sugar stays the same even when you haven't eaten in many hours bc of regulation |
| Homeostasis | When an organism is able to keep a constant internal environment even though its outside environment is always changing Think of balance, stability! Ex: blood sugar levels, constant body temperature |
| What happens if an organism cannot maintain (keep) homeostasis? | The organism could get sick, have a disease, or die if homeostasis is not be reached and maintained. |
| Metabolism or Metabolic Activities | Total of all life processes is your METABOLISM! Metabolic activities = LIFE PROCESSES NEEDED FOR SURVIVAL! |
| hypothesis | A STATEMENT that gives a possible explanation or prediction to an event. NOT WRITTEN AS A QUESTION! Often written in: "If......, then...." format Ex: IF a plant gets more sunlight, THEN it will grow faster. |
| control group | A group in an experiment that mimics (copies) the natural conditions; it's used for comparison. The control group DOES NOT get the experimental (independent) variable! It may get a PLACEBO (sugar pill) |
| Why do you need a CONTROL GROUP? | A control group is used for comparison because it mimics (copies) the natural environment (DOES NOT GET THE EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE). It is needed to compare the natural results to the results of the experimental group. |
| How is the experimental group treated? | The experimental group gets the experimental (or independent variable) The thing you are testing. |
| independent variable | The variable that YOU (the scientist) are testing or changing. There can only be ONE for every experiment. |
| dependent variable | It changes based on the independent variable |
| How to organize data (which is Information collected while doing an experiment)? | Best to keep data organized: tables, graphs, charts |
| constants | Things that are kept the same in an experiment Ex: If testing a new allergy medicine, you would want all subjects to be allergic to the same things, all the same age, all the same general health. These are the CONSTANTS! |
| How do a scientist know that they have completed a valid experiment? | Another scientist should be able to do the same experiment, following the same procedure and get the same results. |
| What is a controlled experiment? | An experiment in which only ONE variable (the independent variable) is changed at a time, while all other factors are kept the same (CONSTANT), so that scientists can determine (see) the effect of that ONE, SINGLE variable. |
| What happens to the field of view when you increase magnification from low power to high power? | the field of view decreases (gets smaller) when you increase magnification. you can see LESS of the specimen under high power, but in MORE detail |
| How do you calculate total magnification? | multiply the magnification of the eye piece and the magnification of the objective lens |
| Which focus knob is used when looking at a specimen under HIGH POWER? | ONLY USE FINE ADJUSTMENT! NEVER USE COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB UNDER HIGH POWER |
| Why is it necessary to only use the fine adjustment when looking at something under high power? | we only use fine adjustment because using the coarse adjustment moves the stage too much, which can damage the slide and the lens |
| What are the differences between active and passive transport? | Differences: Active Transport: NEEDS ATP (energy) AND Molecules move from an area of LOW to HIGH concentration Passive Transport: does not require ATP (NO ENERGY NEEDED) AND Molecules move from an area of High to Low concentration |
| Diffusion is Passive Transport, so molecules move from an area of ______________________ to _______________ concentration. | Diffusion is Passive Transport, so molecules move from an area of HIGH to LOW concentration. |
| What is osmosis? | the diffusion of WATER into and out of a cell. Remember, if too much water diffuses INTO an animal cell, it could burst or rupture because it doesn't have a CELL WALL! |
| Example of ACTIVE TRANSPORT: | an amoeba (single celled organism) ingesting (eating) a bacteria cell by surrounding it--this is active and requires ATP. the contractive vacuole in a single celled organism which pumps out extra water through active transport. |
| Which cell organelle (part) is most involved in diffusion (transport)? | Cell membrane -it allows certain things into the cell and certain things out of the cell (selectively permeable). |
| What is the largest factor that determines if a substance can diffuse into or out of a cell? | The size of the molecule. Remember that starch is a LARGE molecule and CAN"T diffuse into or out of a cell but...once it is broken down into GLUCOSE, the GLUCOSE is small enough to diffuse across the membrane. |
| What molecules are able to diffuse into and out of cells? | Glucose Water CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) O2 (Oxygen) ALL ARE SMALL ENOUGH TO DIFFUSE! |
| What are the 4 BIG ORGANIC MOLECULES? | Carbohydrates Protein Lipids (FATS) Nucleic Acid (DNA) |
| Can starch, protein, and lipids (fat) diffuse into our cells? | NO! Starch (a large carbohydrate), Protein, and Lipids (fats) CANNOT diffuse into our cells-they are TOO BIG! |
| What is the main function (job/role) of carbohydrates in living things? | Carbohydrates are the MAIN source of ENERGY for living things. |
| What are the building blocks of STARCH (a large carbohydrate)? | simple sugars or MONOSACCHARIDES EX: glucose (C6H12O6) |
| What are the building blocks of PROTEIN? | amino acids |
| What is an enzyme? | a special type of protein that is a biological catalyst (makes reaction happen!) enzymes must be present for all reactions in an organism to take place! |
| What is the active site of an enzyme? | The part of the enzyme where the reaction happens |
| ENZYMES ARE VERY SPECIFIC! What are the 3 ways that enzymes are specific? | 1. with the Substrate (what they react with)-because of the SHAPE at the active site! 2. Temperature-enzymes have optimum temperatures in which they work 3. pH-enzymes have an optimum pH in which they work |
| How does temperature affect enzymes? | when temperature gets too high (above “Optimum" Temperature), the enzyme DENATURES (changes shape and will not work) |
| How does pH affect enzyme activity? | enzymes have an optimum pH that they work at. If they are not in the right pH, they denature (change shape) and NO LONGER WORK enzymes have an optimum pH that they work at. If they are not in the right pH, they denature (change shape) and NO LONGER WORK |
| What part of the enzyme gets damaged when it denatures? | the active site (the SHAPE changes) |
| What is the main and most important INORGANIC substance for living things? | WATER! (H2O) |
| What is an autotroph? | a living thing that makes its own food Ex: Green plant make GLUCOSE (food) through the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS |
| Where does photosynthesis happen? | In the CHLOROPLAST (which are found in the leaves of plants) |
| What are stomata? What is the job of the stomata? | --tiny pores (holes) on the underside of a leaf. The job of stomata is to allow substances to move into and out of the leaves. --gases like CO2 (carbon dioxide) enter the leaves through stomata --O2 (oxygen) leaves the leaves through stomata |
| Which part of the cell functions in a way that is most similar to the stomata? | The cell membrane is most similar to stomata because it is semi-permeable and lets certain things into and out of the cell (like the stomata). |
| Which living things perform cellular respiration? | EVERY LIVING THING PERFORMS RESPIRATION --IT IS HOW THEY RELEASE (OR GET) THE ENERGY (ATP) THEY NEED FOR LIFE FUNCTIONS! |
| Why do our muscles feel sore while or after we do strenuous exercise, like running or lifting weights? | When we are working hard, our bodies may not have enough O2 (oxygen) for the activity we are doing, and we switch to anaerobic respiration from aerobic respiration. This causes LACTIC ACID to build up in our muscles and make us feel sore and tired! |
Created by:
Mrs. Curcio
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