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Chapter 12 DNA

Test Date: January 17, 2024

QuestionAnswer
What is the relationship between chromosomes, genes, and DNA? DNA makes up a gene which is located on chromosomes. Code for physical traits.
What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid
Where is DNA located? The nucleus of eukaryotic cells
DNA FUNCTIONS: 1. Stores genetic material that contains instructions for growth and development 2. Can copy itself and code for proteins 3. Transmits information to daughter cells through mitosis or meiosis
What is DNA? It is a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides joined into long chains by covalent bonds
DNA model: 1. Double helix (spiral staircase) 2. Double chain of nucleotides 3. Runs anti parallel
Double helix- Spiral consisting of 2 strands attached at regular intervals (twisted ladder)
Nucleic Acid- A chain of nucleotides
Nucleotide- Building block of nucleic acid
What makes up a nucleotide? 1. 5 carbon deoxyribose sugar 2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogen base (4 possible)
Nitrogen Base- A base that contains nitrogen
What are the nitrogen bases? -adenine -thymine -cytosine -guanine
Purine- Are double ring bases (adenine and guanine)
Pyrimidine- Are single ring bases. (Cytosine and thymine)
Base Pairing- Chargaff’s Rule: A=T, C=G
Hydrogen Bond- Weak bond forming between nitrogen bases, holds the two DNA strands together
Covalent Bond- Chemical bond in which electrons are shared, the type of bond that holds sugars together in DNA
Antiparallel- The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions.
Rosalind Franklin- Used X ray diffraction to create a picture of DNA
Watson and Crick- Built a DNA model that explained the Double Helix and other properties of DNA.
Replication- The process of copying DNA before cell division. It ensures that a new cell has the same complete set of DNA.
Enzymes- Aid in the process of replication
Helicase- Unzips strands of DNA. It breaks the hydrogen bonds
DNA Polymerase- The principle enzyme in DNA replication, it joins individual nucleotides to form new strands of DNA
Semi conservative- The 2 original strands remain in tact and act as a template for the 2 new strands. The replicated DNA is 1/2 old 1/2 new.
Telomeres- Short repeating pieces of DNA on the tips of chromosomes, prevents loss of genetic information
Where are nitrogenous bases are found within a DNA strand? In the center
Created by: JRICH983
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