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loe evolution lec 5

loe lec 5

QuestionAnswer
What is macroevolution? Patterns in species composition changes over geological time.
What are the components of macroevolution? Microevolution: Changes in gene frequencies and speciation. Macroevolution: Broader patterns of species changes over time.
What are living fossils? Species that have remained virtually unchanged for millions of years.
Provide examples of living fossils. Coelacanth (Latimeria): Once believed extinct. Horseshoe Crab (Limulus): Resembles ancient forms. Nautilus: Similar to extinct ammonites. Triops Cancriformis: Tadpole shrimp with 300-million-year-old fossils.
How are rates of evolution measured? By analyzing changes in size, shape, and structures over time using fossils.
What formula is used to calculate evolutionary rates? r= In X2-X1/t
Give examples of evolutionary rate studies. MacFadden (1988): Measured horse teeth evolution. Sheldon (1987): Studied trilobite rib evolution over 3 million years. Westoll (1949): Examined lungfish skull bone fusion.
What is the typical rate of evolution? 0.05–0.10 Darwins per million years.
What is gradualism in evolution? A slow, steady rate of evolution with species appearing gradually.
What is punctuated equilibrium? Periods of stability (stasis) interrupted by rapid changes, often in isolated populations.
Who proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium? Eldredge and Gould (1972).
Provide an example of evidence for punctuated equilibrium. Aquatic snails from Lake Turkana show stasis interrupted by rapid evolution during environmental changes.
What are common causes of extinction? Competitive exclusion by superior species. Environmental changes like temperature or water level shifts. Predation and disease impacting food supply.
What factors increase extinction risk? Specialization (vulnerability to environmental changes). Rarity (e.g., top predators).
What is a mass extinction? A period where a significant percentage of species went extinct.
Describe two major mass extinction events. Permian-Triassic Extinction (225 million years ago): Over 50% of marine species lost. Cretaceous–Tertiary Extinction (65 million years ago): Wiped out non-avian dinosaurs and many marine species.
What evidence supports the asteroid impact theory for the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction? Iridium layer in geological records. Chicxulub crater impact site.
Why did mammals thrive after the Cretaceous extinction? Warm-bloodedness with stable body temperature. High metabolic rate. Advanced reproductive methods, including lactation and parental care. Diverse teeth enabling varied diets.
What does macroevolution study? Large-scale changes in species over time, often observed through fossil records.
What do living fossils demonstrate? Variability in rates of evolutionary change.
What are the two main views on evolutionary rates? Gradualism (slow changes) and punctuated equilibrium (rapid changes after stasis).
How have mass extinction events shaped biodiversity? By drastically reducing species and creating opportunities for adaptive groups, like mammals, to thrive.
Created by: REDZ17
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