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Ultimate Bio study 1
Vocab & terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mutation | a change in DNA |
| substitution | a change of a nitrogenous base |
| frameshift | Insertion or deletion of a nitrogenous base |
| mutagen | Cause of a mutation (if not spontaneous) |
| polygenic | Traits that are coded for by multiple pairs of genes; creates a range of phenotypes |
| multiple-allele | Type of trait with more than two alleles |
| DNA and RNA | Two nucleic acids that contain the instructions for making living things. |
| double helix | Shape of a DNA |
| nitrogenous bases | "rungs" of the DNA |
| sugars and phosphates | sides/backbone of the DNA |
| weak hydrogen | The type of bonds base pairs are held together by |
| DNA replication | The process by which an identical copy of DNA is made |
| semi-conservative | one old strand and a new strand |
| chromatin | DNA in its uncoiled form |
| chromosomes | coiled up DNA before cell division |
| chromatids | two identical parts that make up a chromosome |
| protein synthesis | two-step process used by cells to make proteins |
| ribosomes | where proteins are made |
| hypertonic | solution with excess solute |
| isotonic | solution with equal concentration of both solute and solvent |
| hypotonic | solution with excess solvent |
| mitosis | process that creates all of the body cells (not gametes) |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm |
| G0 stage | resting state; occurs when cells aren't actively dividing |
| cancer | unstoppable division of cells |
| asexual reproduction | production of a new cell through the division of an existing cell |
| meiosis | process by which a cell divides to produce gametes |
| zygote | diploid cell produced by fertilization |
| sexual reproduction | two gametes combine through fertilization |
| haploid | half the number of chromosomes as a somatic cell (hap = half) |
| diploid | two copies of each chromosome (di = two) |
| homologous chromosomes | pairs of chromosomes that line up together during Meiosis I |
| nondisjunction | failure for homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate |
| XY | male |
| XX | female |
| abiotic | nonliving factors |
| biotic | living factors |
| autotroph | organisms that can make their own food |
| heterotroph | organisms that cannot make their own food |
| decomposer | breaks down dead organisms and returns nutrients to the soil |
| herbivore | animals that eat plants |
| carnivore | animals that eat other animals |
| omnivore | animals that eat both plants and animals |
| carrying capacity | the halt of an increasing population; population stays the same because of resources |
| active site | place on an enzyme where the substrate binds |
| denature | the destruction of an enzyme which results in it no longer working properly |
| ATP | energy-storing molecule that is used by cells to move, work, and survive |
| aerobic | form of cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is present |
| anaerobic | form of cellular respiration that occurs when oxygen is not present |
| alcoholic fermentation | type of anaerobic respiration where sugar is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide |
| lactic acid fermentation | type of anaerobic respiration where sugar is broken down in the form of ATP |
| dichotomous key | a tool used to identify things based on characteristics |
| monosaccharides | monomer of carbohydrates. Used for energy for the cells and structure & support |
| fatty acids | monomers of lipids. Used for membranes, long-term energy storage, insulation, and waterproofing |
| amino acids | monomers of proteins. Used for structure, to speed up reactions, and to transport materials in/out of the cell |
| nucleotides | monomer of nucleic acids, used to control hereditary info and contain instructions for making proteins |
| homologous structures | the favoring of different designs for different functions |
| gene therapy | process where a working copy of a gene is inserted into the cells of an individual with a genetic disorder |
| GMO | Genetically Modified Organism |
| transgenic organism | GMO that contains DNA from a different species |
| evolution | the change in a species over time |
| natural selection | the way that nature determines which traits are favorable through which organisms live or die |
| variations | differences in traits within a population |
| adaptation | trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce |
Created by:
ekbeck
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